CO4 POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

POLITICS

Use of power to determine whose values will predominate, how rewards and resources will be allocated, and the manner which conflicting interests in society

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

The source of power and authority in the society.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

Thomas Hobbes (1651)

He characterized the human individual as constantly pursuing his/her own desires and who would do anything to better themselves. Thus, individuals have contented themselves with living and cooperating with other members of the society in exchange for protection and harmonious relationship with
them.

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1762)

• Social contract theory
• It argues for a need for a political structure that will
regulates the affairs of the state to avoid chaos,
nevertheless such force has to be very powerful and
undivided just like strength of a leviathan or sea
monster as described by Hobbes.
• Thus the political institution like the state is formed to
unite people of common interest and purpose.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Bands

A group of nomadic individuals connected by family ties that move and
camp together and live by hunting and gathering.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Bands

Families are mostly egalitarian.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Bands

It is so small so they know each other and people with different power,
skills maybe looked up to, from them a leader may be chosen but his
power is temporary

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Bands

There is no leadership position. Decisions however, usually made by consensus

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Tribes

Usually composed of smaller bands or smaller group of kins.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Tribes

bigger than a band

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Tribes

As the size of the group increases, its members tend to settle in one
place, and depend on horticulture and raising animals for their food.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Tribes

Families are egalitarian

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Tribes

led by headmen which are the most self-sufficient with regard
to food and other basic necessities. They have limited leadership roles
such as ensuring the security and survival of the ___

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Tribes

They possess political powers because of their senior position within the
group and their ability to persuade or criticize others.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Chiefdom

More formalized grouping forming a political organization
headed by the chief

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Chiefdom

Robert Carneiro (1981)
autonomous political units comprised of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief. The chief is usually the most senior or oldest in the group, holds power over more than one community or group.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Chiefdom

The status are usually ascribed rather than achieved making it
hereditary in nature.

2 TYPES OF CHIEFDOM

Simple Chiefdom

composed of the primary community surrounded by subsidiary communities. Such agreement provides for a very centralized power to the primary community. Though the subsidiary communities have their own leaders, still they are obliged to pay tribute or render services to the primary community, particularly the ruling elite or family

2 TYPES OF CHIEFDOM

Complex Chiefdom

have more than one political hierarchy that distinguishes the commoners or the
workers from the nobility or the higher class who consume the goods paid to them as tributes.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Nation

An ethnic grouping composed of people united by
ethnic origin, culture or language.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

Nation

When it lacks sovereignty it is not free or independent

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

State

A political or juridical entity controlled by a government which is chosen
or formed by the people themselves.

POLITICAL STRUCTURES AND ORGANIZATIONS

State

4 components:

1. People

2. Territory

3. Sovereignty

4. Government

SOVEREIGN STATE

it should be free and independent from other countries without their interference on the internal affairs of the state

THREE BRANCHED OF THE PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

1. Legislative Department

2. Executive Department

3. Judicial Department

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

Its power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum (Article VI, Section 1)

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

has the power to propose, enact, amend, and repeal laws.

THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

power to make laws

QUALIFICATIONS OF A SENATOR

• natural-born citizen of the PH

• on the day of election, at least 35 years of age

• able to read and write

• a registered voter

• a resident of the PH for not less than two years immediately preceding the day of the election

QUALIFICATIONS OF A REPRESENTATIVE (LEGISLATIVE DISTRICTS)

• natural born Filo citizen

• at least 25 yo

• able to read and write

• a registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, and a resident thereof for not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election

QUALIFICATIONS OF A REPRESENTATIVE (PARTY-LIST)

• natural born Filo citizen

• a registered voter

• a resident of the PH for a period of not less than one year immediately preceding the day of the election

• able to read and write

• bona fide member of the party or organization which he seeks to represent for at least 90 days preceding the day of the election

• is at least 25 yo on the day of election

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

its power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines (Article VII, Section 1)

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

power of carrying out the laws into practical operation and enforcing their due observance.

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

power to enforce and administer the laws

THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

its power is vested to the President alone but the department includes the VP, and other administrative departments, bureaus, agencies, officies, and instrumentalities under the control and supervision of the President, and acting as his alter egos.

THE PRESIDENT

Head of State and Head of Government, and functions as the commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines

THE PRESIDENT

exercises control over all executive departments, bureaus, and offices

ARTICLE VII, SECTION 1, 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Vests executive power on the President of the Philippines

THE VICE PRESIDENT

Succeding to the presidency in case of death, permanent disability, removal from office, or resignation of the President

THE VICE PRESIDENT

may also engage in initiatives and advocacies for the promotion of public good.

QUALIFICATIONS OF A PRESIDENT AND VP

• natural born citizen

• registered voter

• able to read and write

• at least 40 yo on the day of the election

• a resident of the philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding such election.

DEPARTMENT SECRETARIES AND HEADS OF OFFICES

The President has the power to appoint department Secretaries and heads of bureaus, offices, agencies, and instrumentalities under the executive who shall act as his alter ego.

ALTER EGO DOCTRINE

The act of a department secretary is the act of the President

DEPARTMENT SECRETARIES AND HEADS OF OFFICES

They serve under the trust and confidence of the President and may be removed upon loss thereof.

POWERS OF A PRESIDENT

• executive power

• power of appointment

• power of control

• military powers

• pardoning power

• diplomatic power

• budgetary power

• informing power

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Its power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may established by law (Article VIII, Section 1, par. 1)

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

its power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or nor there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of any branch of instrumentality of the Government (Article VIII, Section 1, par 2).

THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

power to apply and interpret laws

THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

Power of the courts to test the validity of executive and legislative acts in light of their conformity with the Constitution. The duty remains to assure that the supremacy of the Constitution is upheld [Aquino v. Enrile, 59 SCRA 183]

THE POWER OF JUDICIAL REVIEW

power to declare whether an executive or legislative act is constitutional or not.

THE RULE MAKING POWER

The Supreme Court is also vested with the powers to promulgate rules concerning the following:

• the protection and enforcement of constitutional rights;

• pleading, practice and procedure in all courts;

• the admission to the practice of law;

• the Integrated Bar; and

• legal assistance to the underpriviledged.

COMPOSITION OF THE SUPREME COURT

• A Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices.

• It may sit en banc or in its discretion, in divisions of three, five, or seven members

• Unless they opt for early retirement, justices may serve until the mandatory retirement age of 70

QUALIFICATIONS OF A SUPREME COURT JUSTICE

• natural born citizen of the Philippines

• at least 40 yo

• for 15 years or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law in the Philippines

• of proven competence, integrity, probity, and independence.

POLITICAL DYNASTY

Refers to a group or family where most of its members are into politics to
guarantee and secure extensive control over the politics, power, and the
state

POLITICAL DYNASTY

It can be structured in 2 ways:
• Members of the family occupy the same position.
• Several family members occupy various government position at the same time

POLITICAL DYNASTY

This have long been part of the Philippine political structure. They are
typically practiced by rich families that have been established control
over a province before moving on to the national government with a
strong support base. They can also be active on socio-economic spheres

POLITICAL DYNASTY

This are usually associated with higher levels of poverty and cases of
corruption.

POLITICAL ALLIANCE

Political groups or families consolidate their power

POLITICAL ALLIANCE

It reinforce the original power structure by forming blocks or
networks

POLITICAL ALLIANCE

Usually, these are established when political opponents are
deemed to be strong and unbeatable by a single political force.
• LAKAS-NUCD
• PDP-LABAN
• UNA
• MAKABAYAN BLOC

AUTHORITY

power to maintain public order and makes laws that are obeyed by the citizens. It includes the power to make and impose laws successfully (Parkar, 2015)

AUTHORITY

If the people obey the law because of coercion and/or threats,
it is not a practice of authority but power.

THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULES SUGGESTING THAT AUTHORITY LEGITIMIZED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

Traditional

based on tradition, customs, and practices
such that transition from one to another is based on hereditary
not on ability or democracy.

THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULES SUGGESTING THAT AUTHORITY LEGITIMIZED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

Charismatic

derived from charisma of the leader or his/her
ability to inspire and influence others.

THREE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE RULES SUGGESTING THAT AUTHORITY LEGITIMIZED POLITICAL LEADERSHIP

Rational

based on legality and bureaucracy that compels members to comply because of the set of uniforms applies to all.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

The establishments that are not owned and controlled by the
government.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Some are for profit, while others are non-profit but serves a
significant function in the society.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Banks

Institutions offering financial services such
as:
• Safe-keeping of money
• conversion of domestic currency to foreign
currencies
• lending of money with interests
• Acceptance of bills of exchange

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Corporations

Entities created and treated as individual
persons under the law with legally
enforceable rights such as:
• Right to acquire debt and payout profits
• Hold and transfer property
• Enter into contracts
• Pay taxes
• To sue and to be sued
Note: A person may buy share

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Cooperatives

A business owned and run jointly by members who
share equal profit and benefits. Most cooperative
starts as credit cooperatives where people agree to
put up and share the same amount as initial capital,
with an agreement that each must continuously
contribute for their capital build-up.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Cooperatives

it encourage people to save and earn.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Cooperatives

As the assets grow over time, it may transform into
multi-purpose

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Trade Unions

An organization consisting of workers and union
leaders, united to protect and promote their
common interests

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Trade Unions

Their usual concerns includes:
• Negotiation regarding wages and benefits
• Worker-employer relations
• Collective bargaining agreements.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Trade Unions

It serves as a venue for the airing and settling of
grievances.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Trade Unions

An individual can bargain for themselves but
bargaining becomes more effective if workers are
united

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Transnational Advocacy Group

Groups that champion political, economic, and social causes with the aim of empowering disadvantage minority group

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Transnational Advocacy Group

These groups take on advocacies that involve
women’s right, environmental protection, and
international peace.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Transnational Advocacy Group

It includes a diverse group of national and
international organizations that form ties to
influence international policy and practice.
• - Amnesty International Ph; Asian Federation Against
Involuntary Disappearances (AFAD)

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Development Agencies

Local or international groups committed to pursuing
specific developmental agenda for the state.

• AusAID, USAID, EuropAID – part of the government
• UNDP – multilateral donors.
• Private voluntary and non-governmental
organizations like ActionAid, Oxfam, and World
Vision

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

Development Agencies

The International Committee of the Red Cross, sanctioned by the Geneva Convention – provides humanitarian aid like emergency relief efforts in response to a natural disaster and development aid or foreign aid to help a country address poverty and achieve long-term and sustainable growth.

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

International Organizations

Organizations that transcend national boundaries in
terms of members, scope, presence, and impacts

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

International Organizations

They can be governmental or non-governmental and
operate internationally, such as the:
• United Nations, European Nations, and World Health
Organization

NON STATE INSTITUTIONS

International Organizations

Their role is to help define the international agenda
on international issues, settle disputes, and
facilitate international cooperation.