Skeletal System Lecture Notes

Flashcards on the skeletal system, including bones, cartilage, bone types, bone structure, bone formation, and bone repair.

What are the two main components of the skeletal system?

Bones and cartilage

What is the main feature of connective tissues, such as bones and cartilage?

Cells are sparsely distributed in a matrix of collagen proteins and proteoglycans.

What are the three major types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic cartilage

What is the primary function of hyaline cartilage?

Provides smooth movement in joints.

What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?

More resistant and allows bending.

What are the characteristics of Fibrous cartilage?

Most resistant and located in intervertebral discs.

What are the primary cells of cartilage?

Chondrocytes

Where are chondroblasts located?

Perichondrium

Is cartilage vascular or avascular?

Avascular (no blood supply).

What are the primary cells of bone tissue?

Osteocytes

How is the matrix of bone tissue hardened?

Hardened by minerals, primarily hydroxyapatite crystals.

What are the main components of hydroxyapatite?

Calcium and phosphate.

How do osteocytes become trapped in lacunae?

Osteoblasts secrete the bone matrix that hardens and traps them.

What are the four types of bone cells?

Osteogenic cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, Osteoclasts

What are osteogenic cells?

Stem cells that become osteoblasts.

What is the function of osteoclasts?

Breaks down weakened or aged bone.

What are the major functions of bones?

Body structure, movement, blood cell production, mineral storage.

What is the function of red and yellow bone marrow?

Red marrow produces blood cells; yellow marrow stores fat.

What are the two main classifications of bones in the skeletal system?

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.

What does the axial skeleton include?

Head, vertebrae, and ribs.

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Bones of the limbs and girdles.

What are the five categories of bones based on shape?

Long, short, flat, irregular, and sesamoid

Give examples of long bones.

Femur, tibia, humerus

Give examples of short bones.

Carpals and tarsals.

Give examples of flat bones.

Cranial bones, scapula, ribs, and sternum.

Give examples of irregular bones.

Vertebrae.

Give examples of sesamoid bones.

Patella.

What are the three segments of a long bone?

Epiphysis, metaphysis, and diaphysis.

What is the diaphysis?

The middle portion or shaft of a long bone.

What is the epiphysis?

Ends of a long bone.

What is the metaphysis?

Segment between the epiphysis and diaphysis.

What cavity is inside the diaphysis of a long bone?

Medullary cavity.

What does the medullary cavity store?

Yellow bone marrow (fat).

What type of bone is found in the epiphysis and metaphysis?

Spongy bone.

What type of bone forms the diaphysis?

Compact bone.

What does the spongy bone of the epiphysis and metaphysis store?

Red marrow (produces blood cells).

What is articular cartilage?

Cartilage that protects the junction between bones.

What is the protective layer that covers the surface of the bone?

Periosteum.

What is the membranous lining of the medullary cavity?

Endosteum

What is the remaining line of cartilage between the epiphysis and metaphysis in adults?

Epiphyseal line.

What are nutrient foramina?

Openings for blood vessels to enter the bone.

What are the two layers of bone.

outer layer called periosteum an interior called endosteum

What is Yellow Marrow?

Located in the medullary cavity and stores fat

What is Red Marrow?

Located in the epiphysis and metaphysis and stores blood cells

What is the primary structural difference between compact and spongy bone?

Compact bone has osteons, while spongy bone has trabeculae.

What is an osteon?

Microscopic structural unit of compact bone.

What are concentric lamellae?

Rings of bone tissue within an osteon.

What canal runs through the center of an osteon?

Central canal.

How do vessels communicate between osteons?

Perforating canals.

What spaces within bone matrix are occupied by osteocytes?

Lacunae.

What is trabeculae?

Microscopic structural unit of spongy bone.

What process occurs in the red bone marrow within spongy bone?

Hematopoiesis.

What is the process of bone formation called?

Endochondral ossification.

What is ossification?

Hardening of bone by mineral deposition.

What does bone formation start by having?

Cartilage model.

Which types of ossification centers can long bones possess?

Primary and secondary ossification centers.

Where do chondrocytes proliferate, or divide, in a growing bone?

Epiphyseal plate.

What does an epiphyseal plate become when bone growth ceases?

Epiphyseal line.

How do bones grow in width?

Appositional growth.

Which cells are involved in appositional growth?

Osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

What openings do the blood vessels need to Perfuse, Enter and Nourish a bone through?

Nutrient foramen.

What are the type of issues when there is a damage to the bone?

Fracture.

What is the temporary cartilage that forms around a bone fracture?

Callus (cartilage).

What types of callus are used when forming cartilage during bone growth?

External callus and internal callus.

How to allow all ends to grow together in the right orientation during cartilage growth?

align both ends.

What is the best method to improve and delay bone mineral density decline?

Excercising

How to get Vitamin D which helps increase absorption of calcium in the lumen.

Getting sun exposure. This converts the body to D

What does one consists of to memorize on the skul?

Cranial, Facial Bones, Hyoid, ear Three small bones

What can we say the Cranial with what lobes

Frontal lobe, perital lobe, occitipal lobe, Temporel, Sphinoid, ethmoid, Zygonatic, Nasal, maxilla

How to look at something with Featural description of bone

Supra, Foramen, Zyomatic, tempoal, and mental foraman

How to Identify Sutur Description, What descriptions

Coronal Suture, Sagial Suture, lamvoid Suture

How to describe what bones the vertible consists with,

vertibre column with, Cervicle, thoracic, lumbre, sacral, cyox

What types of proccess are there for the Arch

Spinous,transverse, superior and interior acrucuet.

What ribs consist of ? How many joints there are with sternum and vertirebre

all ribs, 1 to 12 all connect and joints vertibre, but not Sternum. 1 to 7 are sternum and 11-12 don't connect at all.

Appendicular skeleten is ??

Clavicle sternum scapula,

scapula what do connect in the

Glenoid, Humore,

for arm, we will have what parts

Ulner and Radius

Kne we will call as

Patella

lower portion consist with

Tibia Fibula

foot has three parts tarsa metatarsephalangy what the calciuunos

calciunous is at heel