DR. CHANG KEY TERMS - Asian Worlds Second Semester: Key Terms

Qing Dynasty

last dynasty ruled by Manchus; was weakened a lot; important for international trade; caused a trade imbalance bc it had a ton of silver

Manchu

Northeast Asian people who defeated the Ming Dynasty and established the Qing Dynasty

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor; approached by Macartney about liberalizing the trade restrictions; turned down the offer claiming that Europe had nothing to offer China

Canton System

a system to control foreign trade which confined all foreign trading to the port of Canton, operated the monopoly for foreign trade

Cohong

Chinese merchant guild that traded with and held monopoly over Europeans during the Qing dynasty

Macartney Mission

an unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire; asked to offset the trade imbalance, better trade position (more ports), an island near china, and an embassy in China

Qianlong's Mandate

emperor Qianlong's response to the Macartney Mission, rejected the Macartney Mission bc Europe had nothing China wanted

1st Opium War

Lin Zexu destroyed opium supplies in China and blockaded the foreign settlement in Canton, trapping and threatening Europeans; Britain got angry; led to the Treaty of Nanking

Lin Zexu

tasked with overseeing the abolishment of opium trade, tried talking with the queen

Treaty of Nanking

ended 1st Opium War; opened 4 ports up for trade & residents, forced international diplomacy, fixed tariffs on trade, indemnity payment, British and Chinese were equals, Britain got Hong Kong, extraterritoriality, and later most favored nation status

Indemnity

payment for losses in war

Extraterritoriality

right of foreigners to be protected by the laws of their own nation

Hong Kong

colony given to Britain in the 1st Opium War as part of the Treaty of Nanking

2nd Opium War

outcome of Chinese refusal to renegotiate the Treaty of Nanking along with a British officer thinking China seized a British ship

Treaty of Tianjin

ended 2nd opium war; established western embassies, opened 10 more port cities, abolished restriction on foreign travel in China, gave Chinese the right to travel freely along the Yangtze, and gave Britain an indemnity

Unequal Treaties

trade treaties that China signed under pressure of invasion; gave Western powers trade benefits

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion against Manchus (the Qing) ruling China; led by Hong Xiuquan because of communism and christian ideals

millions of deaths, almost led to takeover of Qing, Western powers helped stopped it

Hong Xiuquan

leader of the Taiping Rebellion; believed he was the younger brother of Jesus after delirious dream and preached a form of Christianity

Empress Dowager Cixi

the true empress during the rule of several young emperors; very conservative and traditional; oversaw the Tongzhi Restoration (imperial bureaucracy reform)

Self-Strengthening Movement

radical movement to modernize China by adapting to Western influence and letting it boost China, catching up to Europe after the Opium Wars, changing the educational and military policies, but it failed

Meiji Restoration

the modernization and industrialization of Japan in the 1800's

1st Sino-Japanese War

a war between China and Japan for influence, power, and territory; Japan won easily and caused Treaty of Shimonoseki

Treaty of Shimonoseki

unequal treaty that ended the 1st Sino-Japanese war; Japan got some territory - Taiwan, an indemnity from China, several ports opened to Japan, and Japan got most favored nation status

Hundred Days' Reform

Emperor Guangxu’s Reform to modernize into a capitalist economy and western-like society; put down by Empress Dowager Cixi and Guangxu put on house arrest

Emperor Guangxu

Empress Dowager Cixi's nephew who became emperor when he was 4; ran the Hundred Days' Reform

Boxer Rebellion

a rebellion by a Chinese secret society involved with martial arts; very anti-foreigner

Empress Cixi backed, but then put down by the Eight Army Alliance

Eight Army Alliance

the alliance between 8 western countries that defeated the Boxer Rebellion

Boxer Protocol/Indemnity

an unequal treaty; 450,000,000 gold indemnity to be payed over 39 years with a 4% interest right; Foreign Legation established with a ban on the Chinese; many Boxers executed; anti-foreign societies abolished; Confucian exams banned where foreigners were killed; foreign troops allowed in China

Maratha Confederacy

large territorial empire in South Asia; mostly Hindus; advocated Hindu self-rule; took power from the Mughals & contributed to their decline

Vasco da Gama

man from Portugal who was the 1st European to reach India by sea

British East India Company

joint stock company that controlled much of India's political, social, and economic life during the period of imperialism

Bengal

region of northeastern India; significant source of revenue; produced silk, steel, and cotton textiles; taken by the BEIC, causing an outrage, BEIC grew their opium here

Battle of Plassey

1757 Battle that established British control over Bengal

Sir Robert Clive

the BEIC official credited with establishing British rule in India

Diwani

the right to civil administration and tax collection in India

Treaty of Allahabad

the beginning of BEIC rule; gave Britain diwani by the Mughal Emperor

colony of exploitation

a colony that is valued solely due to the potential profits to be made; ex: from internal markets, international trade, and taxes

Sati

Indian custom of a widow voluntarily throwing herself on the funeral pyre of her husband

Oudh

rich and historic part of India; seized by the BEIC, causing outrage within the Indians

Doctrine of Lapse

a policy which allowed the BEIC to extend its control into Indian territory when a native ruler died

Sepoys

Indian mercenary soldiers trained in European military techniques

Sepoy Rebellion

proximate cause was the use of pig/cow grease on rifle cartridges, leading to strife from Indian BEIC soldiers

1858 Government of India Act

transferred the power of the BEIC to the British Crown (raj)

Civilizing Mission

A rhetoric/rationale, thinking the Chinese and Indians were uncivilized and barbarians, justified their actions by portraying them as uncivilized people, they said it was to correct the societies/to westernize, for military intervention and colonization

Cultural imperialism

colonialism manifesting in cultural domination from a foreign nation’s culture over a native culture, creating unequal power dynamics

In India and China, it made Western culture seem “superior”

British Raj

Period of rule from the British crown/queen over India. They exacerbated caste/religious categories and differences

Viceroy

The government general of India

Princely States vs Direct Rule

The difference between provinces lead by an Indian ruler but indirectly controlled by Britain and provinces officially British controlled

Salt Acts

8.2% tax and British monopoly on salt

Muslim League

Founded after split of INC to secure the interests of Indian Muslims

Met with viceroy to do so

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Prominent member of the INC, then became a leader for the Muslim League and later was the first president for Pakistan

Indian National Congress (INC)

founded 1885 to support Indian self-government; built on gradual constitutional reform but later was split between those reformers and radicals for Indian independence

Mohandas Gandhi

Leader of the INC; a moderate reformer

Believed in non-violent civil disobedience (Satyagraha) and Swaraj and Swadeshi

Led tons of protests

Jawaharlal Nehru

Studied at elite western universities

INC leader and later first Indian Prime Minister for decades; liked socialism, secularism, and democracy

wanted socialism without radical implementation

Ambedkar

Led the Indian Constitution creation

Believed in caste abolition and public education, and thought Indian independence and Western science could coexist; born an untouchable

Swaraj

Self Rule

Champaran Agitation

A protest against Indian farmers’ forced growth of indigo with little payment; first passive resistant movement led by Ghandi

After being fined because of it Ghandi refused to pay and was jailed, but massive protests made the British released him

Amritsar Massacre

Key moment that turned Indian moderates into radicals

British feared anti-colonialists were influenced by USSR so passed law to detain anyone suspected of conspiring against the crown

Lead to gandhi-led protests which were fired upon, 1000+ dead

Swadeshi

Self Reliance/economic independence from Britain

Homespun movement

A return to domestic production of textiles to defy British imports of them

Satyagraha

Passive Resistance

Salt Marches

A massive Ghandi-led protest against Britain’s taxing and monopoly on salt by marching 100s of miles

Gandhi produced salt in protest and got arrested

Quit India Movement

An Indian-wide protest to boycott British goods, refuse taxes, and show they were against the Raj

Made Britain give up on India

Partition

Separation of Hindus into India and Muslims in Pakistan in 1947; led to tons of deaths

Nehru Report

A draft constitution for India; written due to the British challenging Indian parties to write their own constitution after India rejected theirs because they didn’t have a say in the writing, not believing they could do so

The blueprint for the Indian Constitution; named after Jawaharlal Nehru’s father

Indian Constitution

took several years to draft, 100s of collaborators, and influenced by French US, Irish, and UN documents

Led by Ambedkar

Primary tenets: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republican

Fabian Socialism

Socialism implemented through democratic processes (ex voting in politicians in parliament) so not radical

Fabian Society introduced Nehru to it and he liked it because it could be realistically implemented in India

Non-Aligned Movement

A movement in the Cold War spearheaded by India for countries to not align with either the US nor the USSR to avoid being pawns in their war

10-10/Xinhai Revolution

Secession by members of the Qing army to found the Republic of China
Created domino effect where other provinces started seceding
anti imperialist and nationalist ideals
influenced by Sun Yat Sen

Republic of China

1912 Founding
Group of seceded provinces
Nationalist
Modern day Taiwan

Sun Yat-Sen

Anti-Qing

Creator of KMT; took over after Yuan Shikai’s death
Nationalist/Socialist
Formed 1st United Front

wanted civic nationalism, democracy, and socialism (3 comprehensives)

Yuan Shikai

Warlord hired to destroy seceded provinces by Qing but took control and destroyed Qing instead

1912-1916 President of Republic of China by threatening destruction; temporarily emperor
1916 death caused chaotic warlord period

Puyi

Last emperor of Qing; 1912 abdication
Later became puppet emperor of Japanese province Manchukuo
Re-educated by CCP and used as Propaganda

Warlord Period

No control, every warlord fighting for power

Kuomintang/Nationalist Party

Sun Yat-Sen founded
aiming to unify China and modernize the country
The political party that governed China under the Republic of China until 1949 Chinese civil war loss and fled to Taiwan

Marxism

Belief that proletariat middle class would revolt over ruling bourgeoisie capitalists to make communist revolution

Karl Marx

Creator of Marxism

author of communist manifesto 1848

Bourgeoisie

Ruling capitalist class that own the means of production

Proletariat

Subjugated working class that is oppressed because they don’t have the means to creative work

Socialism

Economic system where workers own the means of production but there are still private markets
middle step from capitalism to communism in Marxist thought.

Communism

Society with no class or private property where everybody works for the greater good of society

Dream world of Marx and Mao

May Fourth Movement

Cultural and intellectual movement in China sparked by protests against foreign imperialism and confucianism and for cultural reform.
Lead to reevaluation of Chinese culture and rise of other political ideologies like Marxism

Chinese Communist Party

1921 founded
led by Mao and dedicated to communism
has led China since 1949

Mao Zedong

1949-1976 Leader of CCP
Dedicated to communist reform

Maoism

The belief that the communist revolution would not happen with the industrialized working class but instead with the farming peasants and the method would be by seizing the land instead of the means of production

Chiang Kai-Shek

KMT leader after Sun Yat-Sen death
Hated communism so killed tons of communists and shattered the 1st United Front
Embarked on Northern Expedition to kill warlords and the CCP

1st United Front

A tenuous alliance between the CCP and KMT made by Sun Yat-Sen in order to defeat the warlords
Ended when Chiang Kai-Shek massacred communists

2nd Sino-Japanese War

Regional conflicts with Japanese-controlled Manchukuo and China led to escalation
Caused 2nd United Front

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state of Manchuria in China
Puyi ruled
Conflicts near here caused Second Sino-Japanese War

Long March

The CCP’s escape from the KMT
hella ppl died
During the march Mao became solidified as ruler

2nd United Front

KMT and CCP pause civil war to fight Japan in the Sino-Japanese War

Chinese Civil War

War in China between CCP and KMT deciding which party would rule
Put on pause due to Second Sino-Japanese War
Because of this it was split into two phases
CCP won and forced KMT to Taiwan

The People's Republic of China vs. Republic of China

The division of the China’s two different states, both backed by a different party, following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, with the People's Republic of China on the mainland and the Republic of China on Taiwan.

Land Reform

Redistribution policies of land to peasants
land owners and bourgeoise were persecuted and killed

Five-Year Plans

Economic plans implemented by the Chinese government, modeled after Soviet planning, to accelerate industrialization, economic development, and to advance communism.

100 Flower Movement

Campaign by Mao to encourage the people to give constructive criticism to the CCP
the criticism was too mean for him so he shut it down

Anti-Rightist Campaign

A campaign that labeled anyone who didn’t fully align with the CCP as a capitalist, counterrevolutionary, and/or rightist, suppressing dissenting voices and intellectuals critical of the party's policies.

Great Leap Forward

A second five year plan aimed at accelerating the transition from an agrarian to heavily industrialized society, making China a major world power.

The plan would make major changed to farms to make them more communist and encouraged many unexperienced people to start working in industry
new policies overpromised and underdelivered on crop yields, leading to the Great Famine

The Great Famine

Widespread famine in China resulting from the failures of the Great Leap Forward, leading to millions of deaths.

Cultural Revolution

After the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Mao felt there were too many not dedicated to communism in the CCP. So he created the movement to spur revolutionary zeal and communist culture by giving power to the youth (Red Guard), but it backfired, lead to anarchy, and some even turned on the CCP so it had to be put down