First Quarterly Examination

Carl Gustav Jung, Northrop Frye

The main proponents of Mythological-Archetypal Approach are blank and blank.

Carl Gustav Jung

First proposed “archetypes” as a reinterpretation of the psychological concept “unconscious”.

1875-1961

Year when Jung was born and died.

Arkhetupon

Archetype came from the Greek word blank.

First model or mold

Arkhetupon means:

Archetype

Character, a tradition, an event, a story, or an image that recurs in different works, in different cultures, and in different periods of time.

Northrop Frye

Proposed that all literary texts can be categorized into four mythoi.

1912-1991

Year when Frye was born and died.

Monomyth

Frye’s mythoi composes the entire body of Literature he called blank.

Genre

The four mythoi can be thought of as blank of literature that also have corresponding symbols.

Comedy, wind, east

Mythos of Spring

Romance, fire, south

Mythos of summer

Tragedy, earth, west

Mythos of Autumn

Irony, water, north

Mythos of Winter

Mythological-Archetypal Approach

Views any literal text as a collection of universal symbols (archetypes) drawn from the collective unconscious, and can be traced to general literary themes and to human experience as a whole.

Jung

Assumed that the human consciousness has three parts.

Conscious, personal unconscious, collective unconscious

Three parts of consciousness according to Jung:

Personal conscious

A state of awareness of the present.

Personal Unconscious

An awareness of the past that is unique to every individual.

Collective Unconscious

A shared ancestral memory that stores knowledge, experiences, and images of the human race.

Collective unconscious

Is the combination of inherited memories.

Racial memory

While the unconscious remains inaccesible to humans, the blank manifests through rituals, characters, or literatures, regardless of cultural differences.

Shadow, anima, persona

Archetype of the self

Shadow

The part of the self which we dislike and do not wish to show to others.

Shadow

This may be manifested through the characters of devil or villain.

Anima

The part of the self that is the “soul-image” and the life force that motivates a person to act.

Jung

Assumed that males have a female anima, vice-versa.

Persona

The part of the self that is shown to the world.

Persona

This is the “mask” that we put on to relate to the external world, and that may not be how we actually think of ourselves on the inside.

River

• Source of life

• Life’s journey

• Passage of time

• Crossing and passing over

Nile River

Source of life and fertility, and a symbol of death and rebirth

River Styx

Patrolled by thanatos, and one of the ways to get to the underworld.

Yangtze, huang he, huai, zhujiang river

The four dragons took pity on the mortals during drought and decided to bring the water directly to them, for which they were punished by the Jade emperor.

Garden

• Love, fertility, female

• Forbidden paradise

• Harmony and peace

Forest

• Dangerous world

• Path to evil

Sea and Ocean

• Source of life

• Uncontrolled power

• Heaven or infinity

• Subconscious human mind

Aman Sinaya

Ancient Filipino goddess of the sea and guardian of fisherfolk

Island

Isolation

Mountain

• Mystery and power

• Spiritual or emotional journey

The Innocent

• Trust

• Optimism

The Orphan

• Deep desire for belongingness

• Abandonment and loss

The warrior

• Courage

• Discipline

The caregiver

• Compassion

• Generosity

The lover

• Passion

• Commitment

The destroyer

• Power

• Single-mindedness

• Humility (when defeated)

The Creator

• Individuality

• Vocation

The ruler

• Responsibility

• Control

The sage

• Wisdom

• Non-attachment

The fool

• Joy

• Freedom

Red

• Love, passion

• Violence, blood

Blue

• Truth, peace

• Sadness

White

• Purity, innocence, hope

• Death

Green

• Birth, fertility, luck

• Greed, jealousy

Black

• Power

• Doom, death, destruction

Violet

• Royalty

• Sorrow

Yellow

• Energy, happiness, intelligence

• Cowardice, deceit

Two

• Duality, balance, conflict

Three

• Unity, spiritual awareness, male

Four

• Cycle of life, nature, female

Five

• Earthly perfection

• Witchcraft

Six

• Balance

• Evil, incomplete

Seven

• Completion, perfect order

Twelve

• Divine order, cosmic order

Literary texts are individual reflections of the collective unconscious, literary texts are collections of archetypes that can be identified

Tenets of Mythological-Archetypal Approach

Self, setting, character, color, number

Types of Archetype

Animals, plants, plot, hero’s narrative

Other types of archetypes

Louise Rosenblatt

One of the earlier proponents of the Reader Response approach.

Louise Rosenblatt

To her, the meaning of a literary text comes from the exchange between the text and the interpretation of individual readers.

Reader Response Approach

Claims the reader to be the most important aspect to understanding literature.

Reader response

To the advocates of blank, a literary work is meaningless without the reader to respond to it.

Reader

It is the blank who devotes attention, reaction, and appreciation to the literary piece, therefore giving it meaning.

The text acts on the reader

Student critics must recognize the text can control how a reader responds to it.

The readers acts on the text

The reader is the primary source of interpretation.

The text acts on the reader, the reader acts on the text

Tenets of reader-response approach

Ferdinand de Saussure

Dubbed as the Father of Modern Linguistics.

1857-1913

Ferdinand de Saussure was born from blank to blank.

Ferdinand de Saussure

Claimed that words have no natural meaning.

signs

Saussure claimed that language is a system composed of blank.

Claude Levi-Strauss and Roland Barthes

They saw that humans make meaning of words by recognizing their contrasts and opposites.

1908-2009

Claude Levi-Strauss

1915-1980

Roland Barthes

Structuralist Approach or Structuralism

Assumes that the human mind is incapable of understanding the chaotic complexities of the world.

Patterns

In structuralism, they claim that the mind learned to perceive blank instead.

Language has structure

Literary texts follow a system of signs that are not always obvious, and the symbols used are product of the human mind and not a natural characteristic. (Arbitrary).

Sign

A symbolic construct with meaning.

Signifier

Letters, sounds, and symbols

Signified

Meaning and mental image

Language is relational

Concepts or ideas cannot be described in isolation.

Language is constitutive

Language is not a passive thing that merely describes the world we live in. Rather, language actively influences the way we understand the world.

Language has structure, language is relational, language is constitutive

Tenets of structuralism

Langue

Language system

Parole

Individual Language Use

Poetry

Genre of literature that encompasses all poems.

Rhyme, rhythm, meter

Poetic works generally have blank, blank, and blank.

Lines, stanzas

Poetic works are composed of blank and blank.

Figuratively

For the most part, poetry tells a story blank.

Sense, sound, structure

Elements of Poetry

Sense

The use of words, images, and symbols to produce a meaningful poem.

Sound

The use of tone color, rhythm, and measure to produce a good sound and harmony.

Structure

Refers to the way the words are put together or arranged such that they make sense.