[APUSH 1] Age of Jefferson #2 Vocabulary

Nationalism

Birth of American pride; 1st time we see ourselves equal to Europe

• Ex: US is like a Freshman after the Revolutionary War (new on scene, don’t know much), but AFTER the War of 1812, they feel like Seniors (big dogs on campus)

• US doesn’t need Europe to manufacturer goods anymore (they’re doing it themselves)

Era of Good Feelings

Time of prosperity, nationalism, and 1 political party rule (Democratic-Republican)

• Federalist Party loses influence after War of 1812

Washington Irving & James Cooper

American Nationalist writers that gives America a sense of identity

• Irving is known for “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” and “Rip Van Winkle”

• Cooper is known for “The Last of the Mohicans”

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay to include 3 things: Protective Tariffs, the National Bank, and Internal Improvements

• Protective Tariffs: promotes American manufacturing and raises revenue

  • Benefits the East

• National Bank: keep the system running smoothly by providing a national currency

  • Benefits economies of all

• Internal Improvements: build a national transportation system of federally constructed roads & canals

  • Benefits growth in West & South

• The Constitution never allows you to allocate $ for roads/canals

• Monroe continuously vetoed acts of Congress for funding since states usually made their own improvements

• Return to Federalism (Federalist ideas: strong national gov’t / national bank)

• The East & West supported the American System, but the South despised it, because they asked why should a Georgian or South Carolinian taxes go to a canal being built in NY

• Argument from Old Republicans that HATED the American System was because they believed it was signing away their souls and was against Jefferson’s principles

• Argument from supporters was that America needed to modernize & grow

Internal Improvements

Building of roads & canals throughout country; paid by federal government

• Includes National Road from MD-ILL (Erie Canal)

Second Bank of the US

Rechartered in 1816; set up common currency; hated by “old” Republicans

• Passed by Madison & supported by Monroe

• Support & financing $ for War of 1812 was difficult

Market Revolution

Industrial explosion of trades & crafts and was the beginning of mass production in America

• People began to rely on strangers for goods & services

• Old Way = all done in town or the area

Results

• Economy is impersonal

• Country is now linked (impossible without canals & roads)

Panic of 1819

2nd B.U.S. tightened credit and failed to control inflation

This led to state banks closing, the value of $ deflating, large increases of unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment over debt

The West was hit the hardest since speculators placed many people in debt

The B.U.S. foreclosed large amounts of western farmland

The West had changed many political views since they wanted land reform and were in opposition to the B.U.S. and debtors’ prison

Henry Clay

1. Kentucky politician

2. Speaker of the House

3. Known as the “Great Compromiser”

4. Proposed the American System & Missouri Compromise

• Always in the middle and had a lot of friends, but no “best friends” to put him over the hump

• The most important politician in U.S. history who DOES NOT become president

  • Very close to Hamilton’s principles

• “New” Republicans kept the B.U.S, believed in a large army & navy, and were very close to Federalists ideas

John C. Calhoun

1. S.C. politician

2. Known as the “Great Nullifier”

3. Supported States rights

4. Flip-flop politician

• Originally was FOR the American System; later backtracks and goes against it

• Originally was a War Hawk and Nationalist, THEN became a leading champion of states’ rights

• Vice President to John Quincy Adams AND Jackson (complete different thinking politicians)

  • Basically told Jackson his state would not follow all National laws

  • Complete 180 degree turn in politics in a short time span

• Jackson quoted: "My only two regrets in life are that I did not hang Calhoun and shoot Clay"

• Clay’s “Corrupt Bargain” with JQA & Calhoun almost secede South Carolina in the Nullification Crisis

Daniel Webster

Nationalist Massachusetts Senator that was known as the “Great Orator”

• Supported the American System & Monroe Doctrine

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Contracts are sacred; state can’t void contracts, even illegal ones

1st time a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid (Marbury v. Madison = federal law)

• Establishes principle that the government cannot legislate its way out of a contract

• Government cannot pass laws to nullify a contract

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

Protected the rights of business interests & upholds private property rights

• Dartmouth College wanted to go from privately charted college to a public institution

• Dartmouth stays private

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

“Power to Tax is the Power to Destroy”
-John Marshall

Maryland cannot tax the National Bank out of existence due to National Supremacy

• Maryland passes law that taxes any currency that isn’t a Maryland Bank

• John Marshall quote & Federal Law always over State Law

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

Supreme Court can review a state court’s decision involving any powers of the federal government

Gibbons v. Ogden (1821, decided in 1824)

Greatly expands the Commerce Clause and gives the gov’t the right to regulate ANY trade between states

• Q: Is a ferry between Weehawken N.J. and NYC considered interstate commerce?

• Q: What currently is distributed between states lines?
  A: Radio / TV

• Only thing that isn’t is MLB = no profit sharing AND no salary caps

Missouri Compromise (1820)

Proposed by Henry Clay

1. 2 states enter into the Union at a time (1 free & 1 slave)

2. Maine would be as a free state & Missouri would be a slave state

3. Anything north of 36°30′ = Free;
   Anything south of 36°30′ = Slave
   (for Louisiana Territory)

4. (36°30′) = Missouri’s southern border

5. All previous states are unaffected

• Q: What to do with all the new territory acquired from the Louisiana Purchase?

• This was the 1st time there was a distinction on slave territory and was set to be a permanent solution to slavery (didn’t work)

• Lincoln - “A house divided against itself cannot stand”

1st Seminole War (1816-1818)

1. War by Jackson which gives the US control of Western Florida after a series of border attacks

2. Spain agrees to give up Eastern Florida

• The US claimed slaves were escaping to Florida, using Spanish protection, and raiding villages across the border

• Jackson walks into Florida & takes it w/out Monroe’s permission

• John Quincy Adams convinces Monroe it was necessary

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
(Florida Purchase Treaty / Transcontinental Treaty)

Spain gets $5 million from U.S. for all of Florida & its claims to Oregon Territory

US gives up territorial claims of Texas to Spain

John Quincy Adams (JQA)

Secretary of State under Monroe who

1. Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817

• U.S. & Canada fixed order at the 49th parallel & disarmament of Great Lakes

2. Convention of 1818

• Share Oregon Territory with Britain at the 54th parallel for 10 years) ((takes 20))

3. Adams-Onis treaty (1819)

• Also called the Transcontinental Treaty

4. Writer of the Monroe Doctrine

5. Wins the Election of 1824 to become the 6th president, which was known as the “Corrupt Bargain” election

Monroe Doctrine

1. Written by JQA

2. first real American foreign policy

3. ends colonization in Western Hemisphere

• Warning to Europe that they can’t colonize anymore, but if Europe was already there, then that is OK

• Europe returned to monarchies (France, Prussia, Austria) and old monarchies (Russia)

• The US considered helping Spain return to power in South America

• Britain wanted co-stance with America, but JQA convinces Monroe to do it alone

• Britain annoyed because the doctrine applies to them as well

• Other countries back down on colonization because the British navy would maintain the American policy

Ex: Roosevelt Corollary—U.S. has the right to intervene in any South American country

Ex: Bush Doctrine—hunt down terrorist and any nation who harbors them

Corrupt Bargain

an illegal agreement between politicians

4 men run for Pres:

1. William Crawford

2. John Quincy Adams (Monroe’s Secretary of State)

3. Andrew Jackson

4. Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)

Crawford died shortly after the popular vote, leaving 3 candidates left

Jacksons wins the popular vote but doesn’t get a majority in electoral votes so the votes go to the House of Reps

Clay makes deal with JQA and throws support behind JQA if Clay can be Secretary of State

• Clay’s votes go to JQA if he makes Clay his Secretary of State

Jackson says this was illegal = Corrupt Bargain

JQA has a doomed presidency from the start