Chapter 8: Beginnings of Modern American Democracy (1800– 1848)

Polk administration

\________ settled territorial dispute by signing treaty with England.

Horace Mann

\________ was instrumental in pushing for public education and education reform in general.

Great disparity

\________ in distribution of wealth in northern cities, elite few controlled most of the personal wealth and led lives of power and comfort.

Alexander Hamilton

\________ swallowed hard and campaigned for Jefferson, with whom he disagreed on most issues and whom he personally disliked, because he believed Burr to be "a most unfit and dangerous man ..

Cult of domesticity

\________, supported by popular magazines and novels that glorified home life.

Industrialization

\________ resulted in bigger cities with large (and often impoverished) migrant and immigrant neighborhoods.

Andrew Jackson

\________ received the greatest number of popular votes and electoral votes but no one had a majority.

John C Calhoun

In 1828, \________, Jackson's vice president, anonymously published "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest "arguing that states who felt the 50 percent tariff was unfairly high could nullify the law.

Railroads

\________ developed as convenient means of transporting goods and by 1850, the Canal Era had ended.

Adams

The Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations, was passed during the \________ administration but almost turned into a national crisis during Jackson's administration.

Telegraph

\________ allowed for immediate long- distance communication and widespread use followed its invention almost immediately.

Mexico

\________ declared independence from Spain in 1821, included what is now Texas and Southwest.

Steamships

\________ replaced sailing ships for long sea voyages and railroads replaced land travel.

Power loom

\________ in 1813 allowed manufacturers to produce both thread and finished fabric in own factories quickly and efficiently.

Jefferson

\________ sent explorers, among them Lewis and Clark, to investigate the western territories, including much of what was included in the Louisiana territory.

Inventions of steam

\________ engine and telegraph revolutionized travel and shipping, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation and communication.

French English dispute

\________ leads to War of 1812.

1824

Jackson's campaign for presidency in \________ was vicious, with surrogates accusing opponents of corruption and misconduct.

Midwest

Smith's preaching, particularly his acceptance of polygamy, drew strong opposition in the East and \________, culminating in his death by a mob while imprisoned in Illinois.

Fur trading

\________ was another common commercial enterprise on the frontiers, with \________ often being the first pioneers in a region.

social life

Family and church played a dominant role in \________, as there were few people around to support organized cultural and leisure events.

northeastern economy

Farming played less of a role in \________ than elsewhere in the country.

19th century

The \________ saw the beginnings of true social reform in the United States, with many social reform movements growing out of the Second Great Awakening, a period of religious revival.

Westward migration

\________ brought new set of social problems, including issues of land ownership, displacement of Native Americans, and question of slavery.

Tyler

\________ vetoed numerous Whig bills, causing his cabinet to resign in protest.

Cotton gin

\________ and Industrial Revolution in England altered southern agriculture and increased reliance on slave labor.

Manifest Destiny

Americans believed in God- given right to western territories, known as America's \________.

Jackson

In 1828, \________ won the election by a large margin and became the first president who wasn't born in Virginia or named Adams.

Tecumseh

\________ unified area tribes to stop American expansion.

Development of commerce

\________ led to larger middle class, especially in North but also in southern and midwestern cities.

Thomas Jefferson

\________ faced with a dilemma with regards to the Constitution and the power of the federal government.

California

Discovery of gold in \________ mountains attracted over 100, 000 people in 2 years.

New England Federalists

\________ opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared (correctly) that more western states would be more Democratic states, and that they would lose political power.

Missouri

\________ is the first state carved out of Louisiana Purchase and slavery debate continues until Civil War.

Mechanization

\________ revolutionized farming in the first half of the 19th century, with many machines such as mechanical plow, sower, reaper, thresher, baler, and cotton gin coming into common use.

Indian Removal Act

Jackson's treatment of the Cherokees with the \________ of 1830 is one of the most criticized policies by modern scholars.

Judiciary Act

The \________ of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the authority to order federal appointees (such as Madison) to deliver appointments such as William Marburys.

central regions of New York State

The western and \________ were known as the Burned- over District for the spiritual fervor in the area.

Textile mills

\________ in New England produced thread and hired local women to weave thread into cloth at home.

Specie Circular

\________, which ended the policy of selling government land on credit, caused a money shortage and a sharp decrease in the treasury, and helped trigger the Panic of 1837.

Whig William Henry Harrison

\________ became president in 1841, but died a month later.

Construction of National Road

\________ and completion of Erie Canal in 1825 made east- west travel and trade more accessible.

Joseph Smith

\________ formed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter- Day Saints in 1830.

Democrat Martin Van Buren

Jackson supported \________ for vice president.

Whigs

\________ were a loose coalition united by opposition to Democratic party policies.

John Quincy Adams

\________ negotiated treaties to fix U.S. borders and open new territories.

Texas

\________ was independent country called Republic of Texas.

Aaron Burr

During the 1804 elections, \________ ran for governor of New York.

Monroe Doctrine

\________ is first of several doctrines that will become foreign policy.

Immigrants

\________ faced discrimination and prejudice, often lived in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions.

Two men ran for the party nomination

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

Marshalls decision in the case established one of the most important principles of the Supreme Court

judicial review

Monroe Doctrine

Policy of mutual non-interference and America's right to intervene in its own hemisphere

Chief crops

tobacco and cotton required vast acreage

White abolitionists divided into two groups

Moderates wanted emancipation to take place slowly and with the cooperation of slave owners, while immediatists wanted emancipation at