APUSH Period 6, 1a

Booker T. Washington

African American educator, author, and leader in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, gradualism

Fourteenth Amendment

grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and ensures equal protection under the law. This amendment was designed to protect the rights of former slaves after the Civil War

Grandfather clauses

legal provisions that allowed individuals to bypass certain restrictions based on their ancestors' voting status prior to the implementation of new laws

Literacy tests

aimed at disenfranchising African American voters and, in some cases, poor white voters

Plessy v. Ferguson

Supreme Court case decided in 1896 that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal.'

Sharecropping

landowners allowed tenants to use their land in exchange for a share of the crops produced. This system became a means of economic survival for many freed African Americans, poverty

W.E.B. DuBois

influential African American scholar, civil rights activist, talented tenth