Ap hug unit6

city

a relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; these serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions

urban

relating to a city

agricultural surplus

crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the people than the farmer and his/her family

socioeconomic stratification

the structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people

first urban revolution

agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of early cities.

urban hearth areas

regions in which the world's first cities evolved

site

an absolute location of a place on Earth

situation

the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than owned and run by the state.

communism

an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed (usually by the state/government)

streetcar suburb

A settlement outside a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily.

second urban revolution

The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth.

redevelopment

a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times

metropolis

a very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region

urban area

any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people

urbanized area

In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.

urban cluster

In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.

suburb

a populated area on the outskirts of a city

urbanization rate

The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities

Megalopolis

is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on

suburbanization

the movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city

sprawl

The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner

automobile cities

cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership

decentralize

In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs

edge city

a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district

boomburb (also called boomburg)

a place with more than 100,000 residents that is NOT a core city in a metropolitan areas; a large suburb with its own government

infill development

the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas

exurb

a semi-rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families

world city

a city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city)

gated community

privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it

urban system

a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks

urban hierarchy

a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy

rank-size rule

the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy

primate city

a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life

central place theory

a model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are

central place

a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers

threshold

in central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses

range

in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good

concentric zone model

a model of a city's internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district

Hoyt Sector Model

a model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city's layout and organizes residential areas as wedges radiating outward from a central business district

Multiple-Nuclei Model

a model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes rather than one central business district

Galactic City (Peripheral) Model

a model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and the industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked metropolitan expressway systems (such as a beltway or highway)

Griffin-Ford (Latin American City) Model

A model of the internal structure of cities in less developed countries; developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford; cities were planned and designed using the Law of Indies, are built around a central plaza/market place, include a spine where the wealthy live in the interior of the city, and includes squatter settlements along the periphery of the city

African City Model

a model of the internal structure of cities in less developed countries; developed by Harm De Blij; unique characteristics include three central business districts - colonial business district, original business district, and informal marketplace business district; there are no distinct residential zones for the wealthy/poor due to poor economics for the entire city, people are separated more by ethnicities/tribal connections, large squatter settlements on the periphery of the city

McGee (Southeast Asian City) Model

a model of the internal structure of cities in less developed countries; developed by Terrance McGee; unique characteristics include no central business district, but a port zone instead; separate residential and commercial zones for foreigners, new industrial estates on the outskirts of the city due to increased industrialization and manufacturing in more recent times

gentrification

the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves

perceived density

the general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area

zoning regulation

laws that dictate how land can be used

fiscal squeeze

occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure

built environment

the human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis

smart growth

policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation

compact design

Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)

diverse housing options

policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood

New Urbanism

an approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation

greenbelt

a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas

zoning

the classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development

slow-growth city

A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl

anti-displacement tenant activists

Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development

de facto segregation

racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent

mortgage

a loan that is taken out to purchase a home

redlining

the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods

blockbusting

a practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in

white flight

the mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

affordability

the maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment

housing choice voucher program

a federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing

violent crime

a category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault

social controls

formal and informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in place

environmental injustice

occurs when certain groups carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment

environmental racism

occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination

environmental justice

the movement to fix environmental discrimination

squatter settlement

An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing

land tenure

the right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed

inclusionary zoning (IZ)

municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes

exclusionary zoning

Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood

NIMBYs

Abbreviation for "not in my backyard"; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood

below market rate housing

Housing that costs much less than the going rate

urban renewal

large-scale, government-funded redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods

fiscal imbalance

occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes

fiscal zoning

the practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base

ecological footprint

the total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment

urban heat island

a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city

urban footprint

The spatial extent of the impacts of urban areas on the natural environment.

urban risk divide

the idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities

brownfields

properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants

brownfield remediation

The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns

phytoremediation

the removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leave (Ex: sunflowers)

Farmland Protection Policy (FPPA)

U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland

scattered developments

Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production