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city
a relatively large, densely populated settlement with a much larger population than rural towns and villages; these serve as important commercial, governmental, and cultural hubs for their surrounding regions
urban
relating to a city
agricultural surplus
crop yields that are sufficient to feed more people than the people than the farmer and his/her family
socioeconomic stratification
the structuring of society into distinct socioeconomic classes, including leadership (for instance, a government or ruling class) that exercise control over goods and people
first urban revolution
agricultural and socioeconomic innovations that led to the rise of early cities.
urban hearth areas
regions in which the world's first cities evolved
site
an absolute location of a place on Earth
situation
the relative location of a place in reference to its surrounding features, or its regional position with reference to other places
capitalism
an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than owned and run by the state.
communism
an economic and political system in which all property is publicly owned and managed (usually by the state/government)
streetcar suburb
A settlement outside a city with streetcar lines; the streetcars take residents into and out of the city easily.
second urban revolution
The industrial innovations in mining and manufacturing that led to increased urban growth.
redevelopment
a set of activities intended to revitalize an area that has fallen on hard times
metropolis
a very large and densely populated city, particularly the capital or major city of a country or region
urban area
any self-governing place in the United States that contains at least 2500 people
urbanized area
In the United States, an urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants.
urban cluster
In the United States, an urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants.
suburb
a populated area on the outskirts of a city
urbanization rate
The percentage of a nation's population living in towns and cities
Megalopolis
is a group of metropolitan areas which are perceived as a continuous urban area through common systems of transport, economy, resources, ecology, and so on
suburbanization
the movement of people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts of a city
sprawl
The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner
automobile cities
cities whose size and shape are dictated by and almost require individual automobile ownership
decentralize
In an urban context, to move business operations from core city areas into outlying areas such as suburbs
edge city
a concentration of business, shopping, and entertainment that developed in the suburbs, outside of a city's traditional downtown or central business district
boomburb (also called boomburg)
a place with more than 100,000 residents that is NOT a core city in a metropolitan areas; a large suburb with its own government
infill development
the building of new retail, business, or residential spaces on vacant or underused parcels in already-developed areas
exurb
a semi-rural district located beyond the suburbs that is often inhabited by well-to-do families
world city
a city that is a control center of the global economy, in which major decisions are made about the world's commercial networks and financial markets (also called a global city)
gated community
privately governed and highly secure residential area within the bounds of a city; often has a fence or a gate surrounding it
urban system
a set of interdependent cities or urban places connected by networks
urban hierarchy
a ranking of cities, with the largest and most powerful cities at the top of the hierarchy
rank-size rule
the population of a settlement is inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy
primate city
a city that is much larger than any other city in the country and that dominates the country's economic, political, and cultural life
central place theory
a model, developed by Walter Christaller, that attempts to understand why cities are located where they are
central place
a settlement that makes certain types of products and services available to consumers
threshold
in central place theory, the number of people required to support businesses
range
in central place theory, the distance people will travel to acquire a good
concentric zone model
a model of a city's internal organization developed by E.W. Burgess organized in five concentric rings that model the arrangement of different residential zones radiating outward from a central business district
Hoyt Sector Model
a model of a city's internal organization, developed by Homer Hoyt, that focuses on transportation and communication as the drivers of the city's layout and organizes residential areas as wedges radiating outward from a central business district
Multiple-Nuclei Model
a model of a city's internal organization, developed by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman, showing residential districts organized around several nodes rather than one central business district
Galactic City (Peripheral) Model
a model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and the industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked metropolitan expressway systems (such as a beltway or highway)
Griffin-Ford (Latin American City) Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in less developed countries; developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford; cities were planned and designed using the Law of Indies, are built around a central plaza/market place, include a spine where the wealthy live in the interior of the city, and includes squatter settlements along the periphery of the city
African City Model
a model of the internal structure of cities in less developed countries; developed by Harm De Blij; unique characteristics include three central business districts - colonial business district, original business district, and informal marketplace business district; there are no distinct residential zones for the wealthy/poor due to poor economics for the entire city, people are separated more by ethnicities/tribal connections, large squatter settlements on the periphery of the city
McGee (Southeast Asian City) Model
a model of the internal structure of cities in less developed countries; developed by Terrance McGee; unique characteristics include no central business district, but a port zone instead; separate residential and commercial zones for foreigners, new industrial estates on the outskirts of the city due to increased industrialization and manufacturing in more recent times
gentrification
the displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves
perceived density
the general impression of the estimated number of people present in a given area
zoning regulation
laws that dictate how land can be used
fiscal squeeze
occurs when city revenues cannot keep up with increasing demands for city services and expenditures on decaying urban infrastructure
built environment
the human-made space in which people live, work, and engage in leisure activities on a daily basis
smart growth
policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation
compact design
Development that grows up (in the form of taller buildings) rather than out (in the form of urban sprawl)
diverse housing options
policy that encourages building quality housing for people and families of all life stages and income levels in a range of prices within a neighborhood
New Urbanism
an approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation
greenbelt
a zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas
zoning
the classification of land according to restrictions on its use and development
slow-growth city
A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl
anti-displacement tenant activists
Advocates for poor and working-class residents who are at risk of losing their affordable housing to new development
de facto segregation
racial segregation that is not supported by law but is still apparent
mortgage
a loan that is taken out to purchase a home
redlining
the practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods
blockbusting
a practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in
white flight
the mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs
affordability
the maximum price that a buyer can afford to pay for a house or apartment
housing choice voucher program
a federal government program to assist very-low-income families, the elderly, and the disabled with affordable, decent, safe, and sanitary housing
violent crime
a category of crime that includes murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
social controls
formal and informal institutions that help to maintain law and order in place
environmental injustice
occurs when certain groups carry a larger share of environmental risks and hazards than groups who have the power to influence decisions about the environment
environmental racism
occurs when areas inhabited by low-income people of color are targeted for environmental contamination
environmental justice
the movement to fix environmental discrimination
squatter settlement
An area of degraded, seemingly temporary, inadequate, and often illegal housing
land tenure
the right to own or hold property; it defines the ways in which rights to that property are managed
inclusionary zoning (IZ)
municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes
exclusionary zoning
Zoning that attempts to keep low- to moderate-income people out of a neighborhood
NIMBYs
Abbreviation for "not in my backyard"; term for people who try to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood
below market rate housing
Housing that costs much less than the going rate
urban renewal
large-scale, government-funded redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods
fiscal imbalance
occurs when a government must spend more than it receives in taxes
fiscal zoning
the practice of using local land-use regulation to preserve and possibly enhance the local property tax base
ecological footprint
the total amount of natural resources used and their impact on the natural environment
urban heat island
a mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city
urban footprint
The spatial extent of the impacts of urban areas on the natural environment.
urban risk divide
the idea that disasters and disaster risk become urban phenomena as the world's population becomes increasingly concentrated in large cities
brownfields
properties whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants
brownfield remediation
The process of removing or sealing off contaminants so that a site may be used again without any health concerns
phytoremediation
the removal of contaminants with plant species that react with or degrade contaminants or draw up contaminants from the soil into shoots and leave (Ex: sunflowers)
Farmland Protection Policy (FPPA)
U.S. law that grants municipalities oversight over federally funded development projects on farmland
scattered developments
Subdivisions or developments that do not border on existing settlements and that remove agricultural land from production