Research || 1st Semester || Midterms

Research

any systematic investigation of any social or natural phenomena where results and conclusions are aimed at contributing to generalizable knowledge

Inductive Research

starts with empirical observations and then works to form a theory

Deductive Research

research that reduces the general to the specific.

Basic Research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Applied Research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Exploratory Research

seeks to test the feasibility of undertaking a more extensive study regarding a particular phenomenon

Descriptive Research

seeks to make careful observations and detailed documenta

Explanatory Research

seeks to explain observed phenomena.

Research Design

blueprint for the collection, processing measurement, and analysis of data

Research Method

techniques and tools for gathering data or evidence

Research Methodology

bridges the specific procedures or techniques used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic

IMRAD Format

introduction, method, results, discussion

Data

any information that has been observed and collected to validate research finding

Primary Sources

Provide raw and first-hand information

a. Observation

b. Interview

c. Questionnaire

Non-participating Observation

Observing behavior without interacting with the participants

Participant Observation

Means the observer takes part in the situation being studied while carrying out the research

Hawthorne Effect

Individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being

Focus Group Discussions

group discussions intended to identify the beliefs and opinions of a selected group of people on a specific topic

In-depth Interview

one-on-one discussions

Structured Interview

questions are planned and created in advance

Semi-Structured Interview

asks only a few predetermined questions while the rest of the questions are not planned in advance.

Unstructured Interview

no fixed set of questions and no systematic scoring procedure

Questionnaire

- list of questions or items used to gather data from respondents

- specific tool or instrument for collecting the data.

Secondary Sources

- records that explain or interpret primary sources

Population

large collection of individualss

Sample Size

subset of the population

Slovin's Formula

determine the sample size of the population

Simple Random Sampling

every sampling unit has a known and equal chance of being selected

ex. fishbowl

Systematic Random Sampling

selects every nth person from the population

ex. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15...

Stratified Random Sampling

separation of the target population into different groups, called strata, and the selection of samples from each stratum

Cluster Random Sampling

involves random selection of groups of individuals

Convenience Sampling

choosing individuals who are easiest to reach

Purposive Sampling

a biased sampling technique in which only certain kinds of people are included in a sample

Snowball Sampling

participants are asked to recommend a few acquaintances for the study

Quota Sampling

An interviewer or researcher selects a sample that reflects the characteristics of the whole population

Qualitative Sampling Technique

- purposive sampling

- in-depth interview

Quantitative Sampling Technique

- probability sampling

- survey questionnaire

Experimental Sampling Technique

- observation

- quantitative

- variables

Systematic

methodical

Empirical

based on observation or experiment

Logical

set of knowledge

Cyclical

starts with the problem and ends with the problem

Replicable

repeatable