Digestion - Leaving Cert

An animal that eats both plants and animals is called an...

Omnivore

The passage of the products of digestion from the intestine to the blood is called...

Absorption

What is meant by the term digestion?

Breaking down food

The following food chain is from a grassland ecosystem: Grass --> Rabbit --> Fox. Name a herbivore from this food chain.

Rabbit

Humans are heterotrophic and omnivorous. What is meant by the term heterotrophic?

Must consume food OR eats other organisms OR cannot make their food

Humans are heterotrophic and omnivorous. Explain the term omniverous.

Eats both animal and plant (material)

Name an enzyme that is involved in the digestion of fat.

Lipase

State a role of beneficial bacteria in the alimentary canal.

Production of vitamins OR inhibition of pathogens OR (aids) digestion OR example

State one reason why a low pH is important in the stomach.

Kills germs OR optimal pH for enzymes OR hydrolysis of starch OR other correct reason

What are the products of fat digestion?

Fatty acids and glycerol

The method of moving food through the intestines by waves of rhythmic involuntary contractions and relaxations of muscles is known as ...

Peristalsis

What is the role of bile in fat digestion?

Emulsification OR pH effect OR explained

Why is fibre important?

Peristalsis OR explained (e.g. bulk for movement) OR reference to constipation OR bowel cancer

Proteins are digested to simpler substances. What are these simpler substances called?

Amino acids OR peptides

State two ways in which the villi are adapted for the absorption of soluble foods.

Large surface area OR rich blood supply OR microvilli OR thin-walled OR lacteal

What is a protease enzyme?

Breaks down (acts on) protein

Give a function of any one of the teeth indicated in the dental formula.

Incisor - cutting; canine - tearing; premolar and molar - crushing

Give one function of symbiotic bacteria in the human digestive system.

Digestion OR produce vitamins OR kills harmful bacteria

In which part of the digestive system is water absorbed?

Colon OR rectum OR stomach OR duodenum OR ileum

State one way in which the ileum (small intestine) is adapted for absorption.

Long OR villi OR microvillus OR capillary network OR lacteals or lymph vessels

What is an amylase?

Enzyme OR breaks down starch

What is the approximate pH value in the mouth, duodenum, ileum and small intestine?

pH 7 - 9

Name a site of amylase action.

Mouth OR duodenum OR ileum OR small intestine

Name an organ for churning food to chyme.

Stomach

What name is given to the chemicals, produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder, which emulsify fats to fat droplets?

Bile salts

Where is the enzyme lipase secreted?

Pancreas OR duodenum

Give another function of bile, other than emulsifying fats, in relation to digestion.

Neutralisation OR raises pH OR makes alkaline

True or False. The liver produces bile.

TRUE

Name a structure in the human digestive system, other than teeth, which is involved in mechanical digestion.

Tongue OR oesophagus OR stomach OR small intestine OR named part of small intestine

Name the part(s) of the digestive system in which the products of digestion are absorbed into the blood.

Ileum OR villi

What are symbiotic bacteria?

Bacteria that live in (or on) another organism involving benefit

Where do the products of digestion enter the blood?

Stomach OR ileum OR intestine OR villi OR left subclavian vein

How do the products of digestion pass into the blood?

Diffusion OR osmosis OR absorption

Amylase is an enzyme that is found in saliva. State the substrate and the product of this enzyme.

Substrate - starch; Product - maltose

State whether the contents of the stomach and the small intestine are acidic, neutral or alkaline.

Stomach - acidic; Small intestine - alkaline

What is meant by egestion?

Getting rid of undigested food waste

From which part of the digestive system does egestion occur?

Rectum

Where does bile act in the alimentary canal?

Duodenum OR small intestine OR ileum

Where is bile produced?

Liver

Where is bile stored?

Gall bladder

Where in the human body is the liver located in relation to the stomach?

Above OR to the right OR behind

From what part of the digestive system does the digested food enter the blood?

Small intestine OR duodenum OR jejunum OR ileum

State one role of the pancreas in digestion.

Makes enzymes OR makes a neutralising secretion OR makes NaHCO3

State one role of the gall bladder in digestion.

Stores bile OR releases bile

What is the pH of the stomach contents?

1 - 2

Where does the partially digested food go when it leaves the stomach?

Duodenum OR small intestine

What is mechanical digestion?

Physical OR grinding OR cutting OR churning OR chewing OR emulsifying

What is chemical digestion?

Action of enzyme OR named enzyme OR action of acid OR named acid

From what organ does the bile duct leave?

Gall bladder

Name the blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood to the liver.

Hepatic artery

State one digestive function of the pancreas.

Produces enzymes OR named enzyme OR neutralises chyme

Why is digestion necessary?

For solubility OR for absorption OR for transport

Name a substance transported to the liver by the blood in the hepatic portal vein.

Named food, e.g. glucose, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, etc. OR CO2

Name two glands that pass their secretions into the small intestine.

Pancreas and liver

Where in the human alimentary canal is most water absorbed?

Colon OR large intestine

Give one digestive function and one non-digestive function of the pancreas.

Produces enzymes OR named enzyme and Produces Insulin

Give one digestive function of the liver.

Bile production

A diet which contains all the food types in the correct or suitable or optimum proportions is known as a ...

Balanced diet

Fat is broken down by X into Fatty Acids and Y. Identify X and Y.

X = lipase, Y = glycerol

Amylase is an enzyme. Name one part of the digestive system where amylase is produced.

Mouth OR Salivary Glands OR Pancreas

Constipation may result from reabsorbing too much of which liquid into the bloodstream?

Water

The stomach releases an acid. Name that acid.

Hydrochloric (Acid) OR HCl

Explain the biological basis of increasing the amount of wholegrain foods in the diet.

Stimulate peristalsis OR moves food through alimentary canal

Suggest a substance, produced in the stomach that is responsible for 'heartburn'.

Acid

The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the alimentary canal to the ...

Liver

True or False. Urea is formed in the kidneys.

FALSE

What type of food is mainly absorbed into the lacteal of the villi?

Fatty acids / glycerol

Name the blood vessel that joins the small intestine) to the liver.

Hepatic portal vein

Give two functions of the liver, other than the manufacture of bile.

Storage [of (fat-soluble) vitamins (or glycogen or named mineral)] OR deamination OR heat generation OR detoxification OR plasma protein production OR cholesterol production

The process of taking food into the body through the mouth is known as ...

Ingestion

The pH of the stomach is acidic. This provides the correct medium for the functioning of the enzymes pepsin and rennin. Name the acid produced in the stomach.

Hydrochloric (acid)

Someone who is very overweight as a result of excessive eating is said to be ... or suffers from ...

Obese (Obesity)