midterm leq review

David Walker

African American abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves; he wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" which called for a bloody end to white supremacy through slave revolt.

An Appeal . . . To the Colored Citizens of the World

The most radical of all anti-slavery documents; it caused a great stir when it was published in September of 1829 with its call for slaves to revolt against their masters.

1. appeal to Christians / show them the horrors of slavery
2. help African Americans who had fled from slavery
3. appeal to state and national legislatures by bombarding them with petitions and signatures

3 pronged evangelical approach to combating slavery

William Lloyd Garrison

White United States abolitionist who published an anti-slavery newspaper / journal called The Liberator.

The Liberator

An anti-slavery newspaper / journal written by William Lloyd Garrison.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Underground Railroad

A system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada

Frederick Douglas

American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman. He started the abolitionist newspaper, The North Star.

The North Star

A newspaper written by Fredrick Douglass expressing his thoughts and ideas about slavery and trying to influence people's opinions and persuade them to change their minds about slavery.

Lucretia Mott

A women's rights advocate who also strongly supported abolition of slavery.

Female Anti-Slavery Society

Women were first not allowed to be active members in male anti-slavery societies therefore Lucretia Mott founded an anti-slavery organization for women.

Grimke Sisters

Pair of sisters from South Carolina that were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin

Uncle Tom's Cabin

An 1852 novel which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral.

1. 3/5ths Compromise
2. International slave trade ends in 1808 (20 years after the ratification of the Constitution)
3. Fugitive slave law

3 way slavery is mentioned in the Constitution

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1790s.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin in 1790s.

King Cotton

Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton.

jumping the broom / / jumping the broomstick

A common part of slave wedding ceremonies; the act symbolized a couple's union / marriage as being official.

tobacco
rice

By 1830, cotton had become the most profitable crop in the southern economy. What 2 crops did cotton replace as the most profitable?

1800 - Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion

Slave revolt in which a group of slaves planned to capture Richmond, Virginia by force. The plan failed when the two supporters that were supposed to help in the revolt betrayed the others and let authorities know about the plan. 25 of slaves were captured by the state militia and hanged.

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church

Richard Allen founded this church in 1816 as the first independent black-run Protestant church in the United States.

1816 - American Colonization Society

Organization that was dedicated to transporting freeborn African Americans and emancipated slaves to Africa. Formed in 1816, the organization stated that the best way to end the slavery problem in the United States was for blacks to emigrate to Africa. Many of the African Americans that returned to Africa settled in the country of Liberia (and the capital of Liberia is Monrovia; the capital is named after President James Monroe who supported the organization and the resettlement of African Americans)

1820 - Missouri Compromise

Maine entered as a free state, Missouri entered as a slave state and the remaining territory of the LA purchase was closed to slavery above the 36' 30' line (the southern border of Missouri).

Henry Clay

He drew up the Missouri Compromise.

gang labor system

A system used on most plantations in which all field hands worked on the same task at the same time.

1822 - Denmark Vesey's rebellion - South Carolina

A freed slave planned a large slave rebellion in Charleston, South Carolina, however authorities were able to break it up before it ever started. Thirty-five participants in the ill-fated uprising were hanged.

1831 - Nat Turner's Rebellion

Rebellion started by a Virginia slave who believed he received divine messages telling him the time was right for a rebellion; the slave gathered 80 followers who killed 60 whites. The slave and his followers were eventually captured and executed. This revolt led to increased tensions between whites and blacks across the South.

Stono Rebellion

What was the largest slave rebellion prior to the American Revolution?

1857 - Dred Scott case

SCOTUS case that declared slaves were "property" and not citizens; the case also stated that slavery could not be outlawed in any U.S. territory (this does not include states).

social mobility

Moving upward in income level and social status did occur from one generation to the next; there was more of this in America than in Europe!

self-made man

A 19th century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline and hard work.

Cleveland
Buffalo
Cincinnati
St. Louis
Chicago

Name new large metropolitan cities that developed in the early 1800s.

old immigrants

Immigrants from Germany, Ireland, and England who came over during the period 1840-1880 were known by this term.

Irish Potato Famine

Starvation in Ireland that led to migration; the starvation started in 1845 and lasted until 1849. 25% of the nation left for the United States and the opportunity the U.S. offered.

Catholic

Most Irish immigrants were what religion?

Anti-Catholic sentiment

Immigrants from Ireland were accused of ruining American culture, which was mainly Protestant. Most Irish immigrants were Catholic.

Native American clubs

Organizations created to spread anti-Irish and anti-German fears and hatred of immigrants willing to work for low wages; the organizations frequently stirred up riots against Irish newcomers.

nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Know Nothing Party

American Party

Political party that was founded in the 1850s, primarily to oppose immigration and promote nativist policies. The party's members were known for their secretive meetings and hostility toward immigrants, particularly Catholics.

American Party

What is another name for the Know Nothing Party?

Know Nothing Party

What is another name for the American Party?

Catholic

What group of immigrants did the Know Nothing Party / American Party mainly target?

Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Market Revolution

The combined effect of drastic changes in transportation canals, steamboats, and railroads, and the increased production of agricultural and manufactured goods.

division of labor

assigning different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

mass production

making large quantities of a product quickly and cheaply

"Porkopolis"

Nickname for Cincinnati because of their importance in the processing pigs / hogs.

steam power

Water power (powering factories) was replaced by what?

Samuel Slater

British-American textile mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American textile machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and “Father of the American Industrial Revolution.”

Francis Cabot Lowell

Established the first factory town in New England and started the textile company called the Boston Manufacturing Company.

Lowell Girls

Nickname for the New England farm girls and young Irish female immigrants that came to work in the textile mills in Massachusetts.

Boston Manufacturing Company

Francis Cabot Lowell's textile plant (factory) in Waltham, Massachusetts.

Advantages of American textile mills over British textile mills

1. cotton from the southern U.S. could easily be transported to New England
2. fast moving rivers in the Northeast to power the machinery in the textile factories

The Franklin Institute

Founded by the Sellars family in Philadelphia in 1824. A school for mechanics (teaching mechanics, math, mechanical drawing)

interchangeable parts

uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities to replace other identical pieces

Eli Whitney

He came up with the idea of "interchangeable parts."

dies

A device for cutting or molding metal into a particular shape.

Samuel Colt

He mass produced a popular revolver using Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts.

Singer Sewing Machines
Yale Locks
Remington Rifles

Name 3 popular American products that were mass produced and exported overseas.

labor theory of value

The economic theory that believes that the value of a good is related to the labor needed to produce them and that the person making the good should reap most of the money made when selling it.

Unions (were illegal)

Under English common law and American common law, these were illegal.

craft unions

Unions that represent skilled workers / artisans.

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that stated unions were legal.

Lancaster Turnpike (in PA)

A hard-surfaced highway which stretched 62 miles in Pennsylvania. It was built by a private company and travelers had to pay a toll to travel on the road.

National Road (aka Cumberland Road)

The first large scale federally funded road, stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Vandalia, Illinois.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to the populous northeast and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the west.

Ohio Canals

Connected Lake Erie at Cleveland with the Ohio River at Portsmouth, was constructed by the State of Ohio between 1825-32 to provide cheap transportation and to promote the state's economic development.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat.

Clermont

Name of the first full-sized commercial steamboat

1850

Most railroad development occurred after what year?

Chicago

This city became the railroad hub of the western U.S. in the 1850s

Cyrus McCormick

He invented the mechanical reaper, which was created to harvest wheat faster (instead of by hand).

John Deere - steel plow

He invented the steel plow in 1837.

Eli Whitney

He invented the cotton gin in 1793 / 1794.

Telegraph

A device that used electrical signals to send messages quickly over long distances

1. Colt

2. Remington

3. Whitney

Name three industrial innovators in the United States who significantly contributed to the development of firearm (gun) manufacturing and technology during the early 19th century.

1.John Q. Adams
2. John C. Calhoun
3. William H. Crawford
4.Henry Clay
5. Andrew Jackson

Election of 1824 - The 5 candidates

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, this stated that electors would vote for president and vice-presidenti separately.

Corrupt Bargain

The presidential election of 1824 in which Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced the House of Representatives to elect John Quincy Adams rather than Andrew Jackson.

Henry Clay

He was the Speaker of the House that convinced members of the House of Representatives to vote for John Quincy Adams during the Election of 1824.

subsidies

A grant or contribution of money, especially one made by a government.

subsidies

Monetary contributions given by the government to assist people or businesses.

Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations

Tariff passed by Congress that imposed very high duties on imports (between 30-60% on imported manufactured goods). Southerners protested because it increased the cost of the manufactured good they bought. It was passed to protect the interests of Northern manufacturers at the expense of Southern farmers.

Tariff of Abominations

Another name for the Tariff of 1828.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest

A pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature, secretly written by John C. Calhoun, which spoke out against the "Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations"; the document also proposed possible nullification of the tariff. (although S.C. never did follow through on the nullification fo the Tariff of 1828 / Tariff of Abominations.

compact theory - state's rights view of the Constitution

idea that states can nullify laws they deem unconstitutional

compact theory

Another name for the state's rights theory.

state's rights theory

Another name for the compact theory.

nullify (nullification)

to declare invalid; when a state refuses to follow a federal law

Democratic Party

Political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824.

"Age / Era of the Common Man" / Jacksonian Democracy

Time period in which many new people could vote and these new voters related to Andrew Jackson and his views.

"Age / Era of the Common Man" / Jacksonian Democracy

The idea that the people of average wealth and education should be elected to government offices.

spoils system / patronage

Giving government positions / jobs to political party supporters

spoils system / patronage

The winning party awards supporters with jobs in the government.

Kitchen Cabinet

A small group of Andrew Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet.

veto power

The formal, constitutional authority of the president to reject bills passed by both houses of Congress, thus preventing them from becoming law.

Maysville Road veto

Internal improvement that was vetoed by Jackson on the belief that federal government funds should not only benefit one state.