AP Bio- Metabolism

bioenergetics

bioenergetics

the flow of energy throughout living organisms

cellular process such as the building and breaking down of complex molecules occur through chemical reactions

• some reactions are spontaneous and release energy, whereas others require energy to take place

• all of our energy comes from the sun (plants get energy from the sun and produce glucose —> we eat the plants/the animals we eat ate the plants

• divided by 10 as you go up each level of energy transfer pyramid

metabolism

all of the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that release energy

• cells must continually produce energy to replenish energy that is used by the many energy requiring chemical reactions that constantly take place

cellular respiration

metabolism of sugar (a simple carb )

in mitochondria

C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy (ATP) —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)

photosynthesis

carbs that are consumed are made during ____________ by plants —> plants take in energy from the sunlight and convert carbon dioxide into glucose

in chloroplasts

makes ATP and oxygen and glucose

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (solar energy) —> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + energy (ATP)

catabolic

breaking down of large molecules

• hydrolysis (take water in)

• need enzyme and ATP

anabolic

the synthesis of large molecules

• dehydration synthesis

• the taking out of water, need enzyme and ATP

building, degradation, anabolic, catabolic

metabolism is composed of __________ (anabolic) and _________ (catabolic) energy. _______ and ________ reactions make up metabolism

enzyme

facilitates, or catalyzes, reactions

protein

energy

the ability to do work

thermodynamics

the study and transfer of energy involving physical matter

law of conservation of mass

also called law of conservation of energy

1st law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be changed from one form to another

ex: solar energy —> glucose —> energy we can use

free energy

energy that is releases and can be used (Gibbs)

• when energy is used, it is changed (called delta (triangle sign) G)

• delta G can be positive or negative depending on whether the reaction releases energy (neg.) or requires energy input (positive)

potential energy

when glucose is made, it becomes this

stored energy

kinetic energy

when energy is used

energy of motion

make

we expend energy in order to _____ energy

exergonic

releases energy/heat

requires a small amount of energy input before it can proceed with its energy-releasing steps and release energy

endergonic

takes in energy/heat

endothermic

take in heat

exothermic

releases heat

2nd law of thermodynamics

as energy is transformed and transferred some of the energy is lost in an unusable form

• energy is heat energy and cannot be used again (heat energy helps maintain our body temp.)

in physical systems involving energy there is a concept referred to as order and randomness

• the more energy lost by a system to its surroundings, the less ordered and more random the system is

ok

nutrients- goes in cycles

energy flows

entropy

the measure of randomness or disorder within a system

• high ______ means high disorder and low energy

• work needs to be done to maintain order in a physical situation (if work is not done, there is high _______)

• adding work to bring order back into the situation is low __________

• molecules and chemical reactions have varying amounts of _______ as well

examples of entropy

• as chemical reactions reach equilibrium, entropy increases, and as molecules at a high concentration in one place diffuse and spread out, entropy also increases

• liquid molecules have high entropy, solid molecules have low entropy

• assigned seats at a concert- low entropy, go wherever you want at a concert- high entropy

• gases have higher entropy than liquids, and liquids have a higher entropy than solids

change in free energy

to calculate delta G, substract the amount of energy lost to entropy (denoted as delta S) from the total energy change of the system

enthalpy is denoted as delta H

T is absolute temperature or Kelvin

equation: delta G = delta H - T times delta S

enthalpy

the total energy change in the system, denoted as delta H

activation energy

source of _____________ ________ needed to push reactions forward is typically heat energy from the surroundings.

lowers the amount of energy needed by a chemical reaction (enzyme)

noted as EA

heat energy

the total bond energy of reactants/products in a chemical reaction

speeds up the motion of molecules, increasing the frequency and force with which they collide; it moves atoms and bonds within the molecule slightly, helping them reach their transition state

coenzymes and cofactors

the specific, non-protein helper molecules needed to make an enzyme that are bonded to the enzyme

bonded temporarily through ionic bonds or hydrogen bonds, or permanently through stronger covalent bonds

binding to these promotes optimal conformation and function for their respective enzymes

cofactors

inorganic ions such as iron (Fe++) and magnesium (Mg++)

DNA polymerase requires Zn++

coenzymes

organic helper molecules, with a basic atomic structure made up of carbon and hydrogen, which are required for enzyme action

most common are dietary vitamins

• vitamin C- _________ for multiple enzymes that take part in building the connective tissue component, collagen

ATP

when ATP releases energy, energy from bonds is broken and phosphate is released

-AMP (when ATP is broken down and releases 2 phosphates)

-ADP (when ATP is broken down and releases one phosphate)

broken down through hydrolysis