exam 2

Innate Defenses

The first line of defense against pathogens, including surface barriers (skin and mucosae) and internal defenses such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, and fever.

Adaptive Defenses

The second line of defense against pathogens, involving lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells. It includes the humoral immune response mediated by B cells and the cellular immune response mediated by T cells.

Phagocytosis

The process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens or debris. It involves adherence, formation of phagosomes, fusion with lysosomes to form phagolysosomes, digestion of particles by lysosomal enzymes, and exocytosis of indigestible material.

Phagocyte Mobilization

The migration of phagocytes into tissues to combat infection and maintain tissue homeostasis. It involves leukocytosis (neutrophils entering the blood from the bone marrow), margination (neutrophils clinging to capillary walls), diapedesis (neutrophils squeezing out of capillaries), and chemotaxis (neutrophils following a chemical trail).

Interferons

Proteins released by virus-infected cells that act as chemical messengers to protect uninfected tissue cells from viral takeover.

Inflammatory Response

A response that prevents injurious agents from spreading to nearby tissues, disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells, and promotes tissue repair. It involves the attraction of phagocytes to the area.

Humoral Immunity

A type of adaptive immunity mediated by B cells. It involves the production of antibodies that circulate in body fluids and can neutralize or eliminate pathogens.

Cellular Immunity

A type of adaptive immunity mediated by T cells. It involves the direct targeting and destruction of infected or abnormal cells.

Active Immunity

Immunity that is acquired through exposure to a pathogen or vaccination, resulting in the production of memory cells that provide long-term protection.

Passive Immunity

Temporary immunity that is acquired through the transfer

Tissue Repair

The process of healing and regenerating damaged or injured tissue in the body. It involves inflammation, formation of new blood vessels, and the production of new cells to replace damaged ones.

Innate cellular defense

Innate Cellular Defense: The body's first line of defense against pathogens. It includes physical barriers, like the skin, and immune cells, like macrophages and natural killer cells, that recognize and destroy foreign invaders. It provides immediate protection but lacks specificity.

B lymphocyte

Type of white blood cell involved in the immune response. Produces antibodies to fight off infections and pathogens. Also known as B cells.

adaptive response

The ability of an organism to adjust and respond to changes in its environment in order to survive and thrive.