Families in Canada Unit 1 Test

- Physical maintenance and care of group members
- Additions of new members through procreation/adoption
- Socialization of children
- Social control of members
- Production, consumption, and distribution of goods/services
- Affective nurturance (love)

6 Functions of the Family

Families in which the relationship between husband and wife is based on love, and in which parents expect to love and be loved by their children

affective nurturance

- 11,000 years ago in Middle East
- Larger families: more labour for more food
- Extended families: lived in clans of many families as they acquired more land
- Development of towns and cities (artisans, builders, soldiers, politicians)
- Women: away from the community and more to the household
- Monogamy was preferred, polygamy did happen bc farmers could support more
- Patriarchy was established, women became the property of husbands with few rights

Agricultural families

the study of human behaviour in societies past and present (cultural and physical)

anthropology

divorced parents with children who remarry

blended families

the state of living together and having a sexual relationship without being married

cohabitation

two unmarried people who cohabit or live together as a couple (at least 3 years, 1 with a kid)

common-law

- Does not apply to all families
- Very hard to implement change

Conflict (cons)

- Can be used to understand inequalities
- Addresses inequitable realities in family structures

Conflict (pros)

- Macro
- Study power dynamics in society/family (conflict between those with/out power)

Conflict/Marxist (general info)

refers to the nature of the relationship between the members of a couple

conjugal

- Post-war decade ended, hard to survive on 1 wage: women worked (60s/70s)
-1966: 27%, 1976: 44%, 1999: 69%, 2005: 81%
- Growing women's movement and less dependence on men
- 1968 Divorce Act, 1965 use/distribution of birth control, birth rate decline

Contemporary family (past 50 years)

- Great for overall social change, but not for investigating individual situations

Ecological Systems (Con)

- Looks at behaviour in terms of its impact on society (social policy, technological change, cultural diversity)

Ecological Systems (general info)

- explains how individual behaviour influences several interlocking levels

Ecological Systems (pros)

family that extends beyond the nuclear family of parents and their children to include aunts, uncles, grandparents, cousins or other relatives

extended family

- Negative reputation and misunderstand
- Backlash of those who disagree

Feminism (cons)

- Macro
- Sees society as sexists against women, inequitable socially, politically, economically
- Liberal feminism: equally politically and economically
- Socialist feminism: women in families that do hours of unpaid work, could/should be compensated
- Radical feminism: difficult to accomplish equity without making radical changes, patriarchy is entrenched in our society

Feminism (general info)

- Wants equality for all genders
- Inclusive of non-traditional families

Feminism (pro)

an advocate of women's rights on the basis of the equality of the sexes

feminists

a single person, a couple or a family that takes one or more children or teenagers in difficulty into their home

foster family

sexually or romantically attracted exclusively to people of the other sex or gender

heterosexual

people that are similar to one another in a number of significant respects (same age, socioeconomic background, values, work experience, education, etc.)

homogenous group

sexually or romantically attracted exclusively to people of one's own sex or gender.

homosexual

- Earliest human families, hunting/gathers was means of subsistence for 99% of history
- Women: gathering fruit/nut/herb, nurturing young children, using plants for medicine
- Men: left the family for time to hunt, (long hunts would tire prey out) making tools
- Women has high status, informal marriage was most prevalent
- New role for men: father and husband

Hunter-gatherers

a nuclear family in which membership has remained constant, in the absence of divorce or other divisive factors

intact family

making the transition from home as the primary location of their life to living life as an independent adult outside the home

launching

- May not fit all families if they divert from this growth pattern
- SImilarities may be from families and not life stages

Life course approach/Developmental (cons)

- Looks at families through stages in a predictable order
Young Adult, Newly Married, Family with Young Children, Family with Adolescents, Family Launching

Life course approach/Developmental (general info)

- Provides a guide for looking at change and key challenges typical for each stage
- Acknowledges that social/cultural factors can influence development

Life course approach/Developmental (pro)

- Family Founding
- Child Bearing
- Child Rearing
- Child Launching
- Empty Nesters

Life Stages of the Family

a parent who is not married and does not have a partner

lone parent

a family, group, or state governed by a woman or group of women

matriarchy

tracing descent through female ancestors

matrilineal

a daughter stays with or near her family after marriage and her husband moves to where her family resides

matrilocal

- Husband: sole provider, link between family/society
suitable for workplace: aggressive and tough
- Wife: products were made for her to make a comfortable home for dad/children
gentle and patient: only had potential if she had children
- Baby-boom: 1946-1967
- Children: played under supervision, protected from the hard work of adulthood
- Distinct group: adolescence (bc of extension of teen schooling)

Modern Consumers family (post-war 1940)

when a family lives apart but they keep their family ties alive (through social media, letters and emails)

modified extended

having one marital partner (popular in agricultural times, 11000 years ago)

monogamy

a family group that consists only of father, mother, and their dependent children

nuclear family

Hunter-gatherers
Agricultural Families
Pre-Industrial Families
Urban-industrial Families
Modern Consumers Families
Contemporary Family

Origins of the Family

men are the rulers and decision-makers of the family

patriarchy

marriage in which two or more men share a wife

polyandry

the practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time

polygamy

marriage in which two or more women share a husband

polygyny

- hypocritical way of thinking: judgemental of past but accepting of new ideas
- including all ways of thinking means the inclusions of immoral and moral things

Postmodernism (cons)

- the concept of rejecting the idea of any one person being the holder of any one person being the holder of a true theory, more accepting of a plurality of voices of voices
- the deconstruction of past thinking and theories to make way for multiple realities, ex. the diversity of the post modern family

Postmodernism (general info)

- recognizes past flaws
- more accepting of today's families

Postmodernism (pros)

- Commerce, technology, and crafts developed
- Cottage industry: merchants/artisans worked in homes with help of wife/children
- domestic servants and male apprentices joined the family
- Romantic love was no basis for marriage, children would work at 7 or 8
- girls: cook and sew, boys: chop wood or work the fields
- married later: isolated existence made finding a partner difficult
- Early years: Married women had high status (essential economic role, shortage)
- As population grew/stabilized, roles become more rigily defined
- Women were confined to household activities, disciplined harshly
- Little legal protection, punished with imprisonment

Pre-industrial families

is the study of behaviour based on mental processes (how people think, feel, remember and learn)

psychology

- commitment to deconstruction makes it impossible to speak of groups bc no labels
- scholars of sexuality end up restating and consilidating social categories

Queer theory (cons)

- Challenges the status quo that sexual orientation and gender are binary

Queer theory (general info)

- Recognizes inequalities
- Inclusive of non-traditional families

Queer theory (pro)

a relationship between members of the same sex

same sex

household consisting of a grandparent and grandchild but no parent

skip generation family

- Difficult to weigh intangibles, we cannot assess others beliefs about relationships
- Non-romantic, business-like

Social exchange theory (con)

- Micro
- Individuals make decisions to maximize benefits - explore the costs and benefits

Social exchange theory (general info)

- Parties can negotiate needs so that balance is maintained
- helps explain how people make decisions in relationships

Social exchange theory (pro)

the process of learning to behave in a way that is acceptable to society

socialization

explains the behaviour of individuals in social groups (families, communities and societies)

sociology

- Change is slow
- Doesn't examine whether roles are equitable

Structural/ Functionalism (con)

- Macro
- Specific functions need to be met for any society/family to work: procreation, production of goods, social order, socialization, physical care and nurturing
- Structured in ways that work (rank, power, rules, beliefs, norms)
- Talcott Parsons: each individual has a role to fulfill to keep things stable

Structural/ Functionalism (general info)

- Explains how people explain required needs
- Clear gender expectations

Structural/ Functionalism (pro)

- So micro that it doesn't looks at the family in the context of society
- researcher can misintepret due to personal bias

Symbolic interactionism (con)

- Micro
- Explains how people choose how they act based on perceptions

Symbolic interactionism (general info)

- Helps us to understand social interaction
- And the development of the self-concept

Symbolic interactionism (pro)

- Assumes all members play a role in maintaining a dysfunctional system
- explains the behaviour of the group as inseparable from each other

Systems Theory (con)

- Micro
- Sees the family as a system made of 8 tenets; wholeness; changes; hierarchy; boundaries; rules; balance; causality; size matters

Systems Theory (general info)

- Helps explain complex relationships and change
- Biological approach makes sense to some

Systems Theory (pro)

- Economy changed from agriculture/commerce to factory production
- Work: now done outside the home, earning a wage to get subsistence
- Family: still a consumer, not a producer (wouldn't make subsistence)
- Industrial nuclear family: separation of work from the home (now a place of love)
- Men: breadwinners, women: nurturers at home, children: work to school
- 5% of women work work out of necessity, seen as a threat and paid ⅓ less
- 1881 Ontario all children under 14 must school (1905 - all but quebec)
- Married young and moved away, could support themselves
- Smaller families: delayed marriages, low child mortality rates, children cant work

Urban industrial families (19/20 century)