APUSH Chapter 16 Terms

Homestead Lockout

In 1892, Carnegie left Henry Clay Frick in charge of the mill in Homestead Pennsylvania, where he locked out steel workers on July 1. Hired armed guards protected the plant and gunfight happened, killing 7 workers and 3 guards dead.

Gospel of Wealth

Carnegie said in 1889 essay that the poor enjoyed with rich people before couldn’t afford and that luxuries have not become necessities.

Management Revolution

Internal structure adoped by many large corporations and showed developments in accounting and tracking expenses

Vertical Integration

A model pioneered by Swift in which a company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods

Horizontal Integration

Rockefeller pioneered this strategy, and it works by driving competitotrs to failure then inviting them to merge their companies into his company

Trust

New legal form created by Rockefeller’s lawyer, which organized small group of associates to hold stock from a group of combined firms, managing them into a single entity

Deskilling

Workers lost the independence characteristics of craftworkers; a new system of mechanized manufacturing that Swift had pioneered and Ford would use for mass production caused this

Scientific Management

Managers wanted to reduce costs through this; recommended that employers eliminate all brain work from manual labor instead hiring experts to develop rules.

New South

Child labor was widespread in ex-Confederacy; low wage industry emerged after Reconstruction and region was more economically diversified; textile mills contributed to this

Chinese Exclusion Act

Passed by congress in 1882 which specifically barred Chinese laborers from entering the United States

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Thousands of railroad workers walked off their job to protest steep wage cuts amid depression beginning in 1873

Greenback-Labor Party

A national political movement forged by labor advocates and workingmen' during 1870s depression; protested against the collapse of reconstruction and urged man’s vote is protected; wanted more money in circulation

Producerism

idea that middlemen, bankers, lawyers, and investors lived off the sweat of people who worked with their hands

Granger Laws

Economic regulatory actions triggered by Greenback that contributed to railroad commissions that supervised railroad rates and policies;, as well as commissions to regulate insurance and utility companies

Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869 as a secret society of garment workers in Philadelphia; delegates to Greenback Labor conventions; believed ordinary people needed to control enterprises and that only electoral action could bring their goals

Anarchism

Revolutionary advocacy of a stateless society

Haymarket Square

A protest was called by anarchists in 1886; a bomb killed several policemen and gunfire happened; 8 anarchists were found guilty of murder and criminal conspiracy; damaged american labor movement

Farmers’ Alliance

New rural movement wanting to take up issues that Grangers and Greenbackers wanted to address; founded in Texas during depression of 1870s; motivated by harsh conditions farmers endured like drought and changing prices of crops

Interstate Commerce Act

Counteracted a supreme court decision that struck down states’ authority to regulate railroads; created the ICC in charge of investigating interstate shipping, forcing railroads to make rates public, and suing in court when necessary

American Federation of Labor

Created by trade unionists who left the Knights of Labor after Haymarket incident; led by Samuel Gompers; made up of skilled and well paid workers; wanted to win large shares of company rewards

Andrew Carnegie

Wrote Gospel of Wealth in 1889; from Scotland and created steel mill outside of Pittsburg

Gustavus Swift

Invented the assembly line and pioneered vertigal integration; constructed factories to make fertilizer and chemicals and developed marketong strategies when it comes to slaughterhouses

John D. Rockefeller

King of petroleum; went into kerosene business after being a grain dealer; his firm Standard Oil was Cleveland’s leading oil refiner; used vertical integration and horizontal integration

Henry George

Wrote Progress and Poverty (1879), warned that Americans had been optimistic about the impact of railroads and manufacturing but that emerging industry meant permanent poverty; proposed a federal single tax on landholdings

Terence Powderly

Leader of the Knights of Labor; warned that abuse of liquor robbed many workers of their wages as did ruthless employers

Leonora Barry

Full time women’s organizer for the Knights; was an Irish widow that was forced into factory work after her husband;s death so became labor advocate out of horror with conditions she experiences; investigated and exposed evidence of sexual harassment at the job

Samuel Gompers

Led AFL for almost 40 years; a Dutch-Jewish cigar maker; believed the Knights relied too much on electoral politics and victories wire limited; wasn’t critical of capatalism