West Civ 2

wealth and power

Civilization is the term used to describe a society differentiated by levels of
________________________ and ________________________, and in which
military, religious, economic, and political control are based in cities.

painting, men and women, fire

The Paleolithic Age, which spanned from 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago,
witnessed the development of cave ________________________, the division of
labor between ________________________ and ________________________,
and the discovery of ________________________.

food

The Neolithic Revolution was the move from hunting and gathering toward the
systematic growing of ________________________

mesopotamia

One of the first ancient civilizations in ________________________ began in
an area known as Sumer around 3000 B.C.

mesopotamian

Sargon the Great was the founder of the ________________________ Empire
and was known for establishing the first empire in Mesopotamia.

Amorite

Hammurabi was the most famous of the ________________________ kings of
the Babylonian Empire who developed a significant set of laws.

“wedge-shaped”

Mesopotamian “________________________” writing is known as Cuneiform.

sumerians

The Epic of Gilgamesh is a great literary epic of the ancient
________________________.

nile

The ________________________ River was of paramount importance in the
development of Egyptian civilization.

Egyptian

Ancient ________________________ history is divided into three major
periods: The Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

old

The Egyptians were polytheistic and during the ________________________
Kingdom their chief god was Re, the sun god.

pharaoh

During the New Kingdom of Egyptian history rulers took on the title of
________________________.

mummifcation

Osiris was the Egyptian god most closely associated with the process of
________________________.

egypt

Hieroglyphics was the primary writing system used in ancient
________________________, it included symbols that represented sounds and
objects.

10

The Egyptian number system was based on what number?

Indo-European

Greek, Latin, Persian, and other similar languages belong to which language
group?

crete

Geographically, Minoan civilization was located on the island of
________________________ in the Mediterranean Sea.

Linear A

Linear was the undeciphered primary script used in the palace and religious
writings of ________________________ civilization.

Indo-European, Mycenaean Greek

What language group did Mycenaeans belong to?

Mycenaeans

What virtue of being a skilled warrior was considered the most important to the
________________________.

Greek

The earliest written form of ________________________ used by the
Mycenaeans was known as Linear B

Hebrew

According to their religious tradition, Abraham is considered the patriarch of the
________________________ people.

jerusalem

King David is credited with founding ________________________ and is
considered the greatest king of Israel.

Jewish

There were three important aspects of ________________________ Religious
Tradition – The Covenant, the Law, and the Prophets.

Babylonian Exile

The destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. and the ________________________
________________________of the Hebrews occurred at the hands of the
Chaldeans.

Phoenicians’

A simplified alphabet and system of writing was the ________________________ most important contribution to the ancient Near East.

Mesopotamia

Assyrians were the warlike conquerors of ________________________ and Egypt.

Assyrian

The ________________________ military used terror tactics, had a well- trained and disciplined army that used iron weapons, and used horse-drawn war chariots.

Nebuchadnezzar II

The construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon was one of the architectural achievements during the reign of ________________________.

alphabet

During the Greek Archaic Age, the Greeks adopted the ________________________ from the Phoenicians.

epic poetry

The Iliad was a work of ________________________ that tells the story of the Trojan War with its theme being the wrath of a Greek hero named Achilles.

polis

A Greek ________________________ was an independent, self-governing city- state.

phalanx

The ________________________ was a new Greek military formation where soldiers stood shoulder to shoulder in ranks often eight men deep.

people

Democracy involves rule by the ________________________ and does not discriminate based on birth or wealth

aristocrats

The ________________________ in Athens faced economic problems caused by families being sold into slavery, as a result, they turned power over to Solon to save Athens.

democracy

Cleisthenes began the major reforms that would create Athenian ________________________.

persian

Cyrus the Great founded the ________________________ Empire.

Miltiades

________________________ led the Athenians and their Greek allies to victory at the Battle of Marathon.

“second”

Xerxes was the Persian ruler who led the “________________________” Invasion of Greece in 480-479 B.C. with a force of 150,000 to 250,000 men.

spartans

The Battle of Thermopylae was a heroic delaying action led by King Leonidas and his 300 ________________________ to buy time for Athens to prepare for the Persian invasion.

peloponnesian

Greek unity was destroyed as a result of the ________________________ War.

history

Herodotus wrote the “Persian Wars” and is known as “the Father of ________________________.”

anthens

Socrates was a famous Greek philosopher who was forced to commit suicide by drinking hemlock for “corrupting the youth of ________________________”.

greece

Hellenistic is the word used to describe the civilization, based on that of ________________________, that developed in the wake of the conquests of Alexander the Great.

chaeronea

Philip II conquered Greece by defeating an alliance of Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of ________________________ in 337 B.C.

greek

During Alexander III’s (Alexander the Great) reign, he created the largest empire the ancient world had known by the age of 31 and was responsible more than anyone else for the diffusion of ________________________ culture.

alexander the great

Some of the most famous battles commanded by ________________________ were the Battle of Granicus River, the Battle of Issus, and the Battle of Gaugamela.

apollonius

________________________ of Rhodes is best known for his epic poem, "The Argonautica."

epicureanism

________________________ was founded by Epicurus and its teachings are sometimes referred to as the “Doctrine of pleasure.”

stoicism

________________________, founded by Zeno, emphasized the principles of the acceptance of fate and active participation in public life

aristarchus

________________________ of Samos proposed the groundbreaking astronomical theory of the heliocentric view of the universe.

eratosthenes

_______________________ is best known for determining the circumference of the Earth.

euclid

________________________’s most famous contribution to mathematics was compiling "Elements," a comprehensive textbook on geometry

archimedes

________________________ is best known in mathematics for establishing the value of pi.

Romans

Etruscan and Greek cultures influenced the early ________________________.

consuls

During the Roman Republic the ________________________ were the highest civil and military officials.

plebeians

Due to political inequality, the Struggle of the Orders occurred between the Patricians and Plebeians and resulted in ________________________ obtaining more power.

roman

The Laws of the Twelve Tables governed civil and criminal disputes among ________________________ citizens and became the foundation of the legal culture of the West.

Hannibal

_______________________’s greatest victory of the Second Punic War was the Battle of Cannae.

scipio africanus

________________________ defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.

carthage

The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between Rome and _________________.

spartacus

Crassus and Pompey were the Roman commanders responsible for suppressing the Third Servile War led by ________________________.

gracchus

One result of the efforts of Tiberius and Gaius ________________________________________________ was that Roman politics had become more unstable.

marius

The result of military reform proposals, such as abolishing the requirement that a soldier must own land, by ________________________ was that the Roman army became more loyal to their commanders than to Rome army became more loyal to their commanders than to Rome.

sulla

________________________ set the example of how an army could be used to seize power in Rome, became dictator, tried to restore the power of the senate, and later resigned the dictatorship and retired from Roman politics in 79 B.C.

first triumvirate

Julius Caesar, Marcus Crassus, and Pompey the Great formed a political alliance known as the ________________________ ________________________.

octavian

At the Battle of Actium in 31 B.C., ________________________’s forces defeated those of Antony and Cleopatra, and they retreated to Egypt.

rome

The reign of Augustus is considered a Golden Age for ________________________.

nero

Which Julio-Claudian persecuted Christians, was emperor when the Great Fire of Rome occurred in 64, and was famous for his scandalous behavior?

citizenship

In 212 the Antonine Decree granted ________________________ to all the free inhabitants of the Roman Empire.

political engagement

Bread and Circuses is an ancient Roman metaphor for people choosing food and fun over ________________________.

second temple

The Diaspora is often associated with Jewish life after the destruction of the ________________________ in Judea.

jesus

________________________ preached humility, charity, and brother love, wrote nothing down and can only be viewed through oral tradition and the writing of others, was crucified, and whose followers began to call themselves Christians.

paul

One of ________________________’s key contributions to early Christianity was developing the first coherent Christian theology.

constantine

The Edict of Milan issued by ________________________ in 313 officially tolerated Christianity, allowing Christians to practice their religion freely.

thessalonica

In 380 Theodosius the Great declared Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire with the Edict of ________________________.

pope

The ________________________ became the head of the church in the West based on “Petrine Primacy”; they followed the line of St. Peter who was the first Bishop of Rome.

nicene creed

The First Council of Nicaea in 325 resulted in the formation of the first uniform Christian doctrine, known as the ________________________ ________________________.

monastery

Saint Benedict of Nursia created the rule that stressed the idea of a communal life of living in a ________________________ with a focus on prayer, reading, and manual labor.

byzantine empire

After the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire, the eastern half of the empire survived, this eastern half is known as the ________________________ and survived for another thousand years.

byzantine

Emperor Justinian is considered the most important ________________________ Emperor of the 6th century.

cathedral

The Hagia Sophia was completed in 537 and was the largest Christian ________________________ in the world at that time.

icons

Iconoclasm Controversy was the dispute over the use of religious _______________________ in the Byzantine Empire in the 8th and 9th centuries.

turks

In 1071 the Seljuk ________________________ crushed the Byzantine army and captured Emperor Romanos Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert.

constantinople

What was the capital of the Byzantine Empire?

calendar

The Hegira, Muhammad's flight to Yathrib (Medina) in 622 marks the beginning of the Islamic ________________________.

muhammad

By the time of his death in 632, ________________________ had unified most of the Arab clans under Islam.

prophet

Muhammad's main role in Islam consisted of being the last ________________________, delivering the definitive message of God.

quarn

The Muslim holy book is known as the ________________________.

charles martel

________________________ ________________________ led the Frankish and Burgundian armies at the Battle of Tours, which halted the Muslim advance into Europe.

umayyad

The ________________________ Caliphate based in Damascus, Syria was the first stable Muslim state.