Biology lecture 8- Protein Synthesis Study Guide.

What is the purpose of DNA Replication

Replication of chromosomes

When do cells replicate their DNA

S-Phase of Cell division (Interphase)

What are the two steps in protein synthesis

Transcription (mRNA from DNA) and translation (protein from mRNA)

Is protein synthesis catabolic or anabolic

Anabolic process

Examples of what/when proteins are made

Transcription: What is produced

Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

Transcription: What is the function of RNA polymerase

Enzyme that helps synthesize RNA from a DNA template

Translation: What is produced

Protein polypeptide (chain of amino acids)

Translation: What are the functions of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA

• mRNA:(Messenger RNA) molecule made from transcription, providing instructions to make polypeptide bond.

• rRNA(Ribosomal RNA): Location of protein synthesis; (ribosome); made up of RNA and enzymes

• tRNA( Transfer RNA): Molecule responsible for carrying amino acid and bringing it to ribosome

Translation: What are codons and anticodons

Codons: Contained on mRNA

Anti-Codon; Pairs to corresponding mRNA and brings amino acids

What are genomic vaccines and their relation to protein synthesis

Genomic vaccines use genetic material such as DNA or mRNA to create proteins that stimulate the immune system.

They relate to protein synthesis becuas

What happens when someone is injected with the COVID vaccine

mRNA or DNA is injected which contains instructions to make the viral Spike Proteins that cause the body to create antibodies to counteract the “disease”.

What are COVID variants and why should we worry about them.

The anti-bodies in your body and vaccines that are injected will not be able to fight against variants because they have a change in DNA and thus a different spike protein.

Silent Mutation Outcome

Different nitrogenous base, but same enzyme created.

Missense Mutation Outcome

Different nitrogenous base resulting in altered enzyme.

Nonsense Mutation Outcome

Different nitrogenous base that results in a pre-mature stop codon. The following enzymes are not coded and we are bought a truncated protein