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These flashcards cover critical concepts related to cellular respiration, DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis, aiding in exam preparation.
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What happens to a glucose molecule that loses a hydrogen atom in an oxidation-reduction reaction?
It becomes oxidized.
What percentage of ATP formed by glycolysis comes from substrate-level phosphorylation?
Approximately 2%.
What is the net yield of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate from glycolysis per glucose molecule?
Two molecules of NADH, four of ATP, and two of pyruvate.
When is a biological molecule considered reduced?
When it gains an electron.
Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
In the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
What is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?
NAD+; to become reduced, it must accept two electrons.
What do the carbons in pyruvate derive from during cellular respiration?
From glucose, which is ultimately converted to carbon dioxide.
During which phases of cellular respiration is ATP produced through substrate-level phosphorylation?
Glycolysis and the Citric acid (Krebs) cycle.
How does the translocation of protons contribute to ATP production in mitochondria?
It sets up an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
Which product is NOT a net product of Phase 2 of cellular respiration per molecule of glucose?
2 GTP is not a net product.
What is the difference in energy source between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation uses a coupled exergonic reaction; oxidative phosphorylation uses a flow of hydrogen ions.
Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?
They regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
What effect does increased ATP have on the enzyme phosphofructokinase in the presence of oxygen?
It inhibits the enzyme and slows glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
In the metabolism comparison of two cultures of yeast, what conclusion can be drawn from different glucose consumption rates?
Culture A is grown aerobically; Culture B is grown anaerobically.
What are the statements regarding FADH2 and the Krebs cycle?
Statement 1) is false; statement 2) is true.
If a DNA molecule has a sequence of bases 5'-ATTGCA-3', what would be the complementary strand?
5'-TGCAAT-3'.
What key factor did Hershey and Chase use to determine genetic material?
DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.
What density distribution would you expect after two generations of E. coli grown on different nitrogen media?
One intermediate-density band.
If an organism's DNA contains 24% thymine, what percentage would be cytosine?
26%.
What is the function of telomerase in DNA replication?
It extends the daughter strand using a parental strand as a template.
Which statement regarding the initiation of DNA replication in E. coli is correct?
DNA polymerase III requires an unoccupied hydroxyl group at the 3' end to extend.
Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell functions and preparation for division?
G1 phase.
What are histones involved in?
Histones wrap around DNA to form nucleosomes.
What incorrect statement is associated with histone organization?
The core nucleosome is sealed by a single molecule of Histone H1.
What conclusion can be drawn about a much larger proteome than genome?
A single gene must code for more than one protein.
What is the most accurate order of transcription events?
RNA polymerase binds to promoter, DNA unwinds, RNA is synthesized, polymerase reaches terminator.
What statement is true about transcription differences between bacteria and eukaryotes?
Eukaryotes have different RNA polymerases (I, II, and III).
What incorrect statement is about transcription in bacteria?
Introns have to be removed from the primary RNA transcript in bacteria.
How can mRNAs in eukaryotes carry information for multiple proteins?
They can be polycistronic.
What happens in bacterial translation?
Transcription and translation occur simultaneously.
Why the RNA transcript requires more processing in bacteria?
Bacteria lack introns that need splicing.
Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of amino acids to tRNA molecules?
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases.
How many amino acids would correspond to a 369-nucleotide long mRNA?
122 amino acids.
How does termination of translation take place?
A stop codon is reached.
How does the lack of organelles affect bacterial transcription?
The RNA transcript requires more processing.
How is the recognition of the initiation codon in bacterial translation accomplished?
By the binding of mRNA with the small ribosomal subunit.
Which processing event is correct regarding RNA?
RNA splicing can be catalyzed by ribozymes.
What does redundancy in the genetic code mean?
More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.
What is true about post-translational modification of proteins?
Many proteins are modified chemically after they are synthesized.
What describes how a genetic code is defined?
The order of nucleotides dictates the order of amino acids in protein chains.