Cellular Respiration and Molecular Biology

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These flashcards cover critical concepts related to cellular respiration, DNA replication, transcription, and protein synthesis, aiding in exam preparation.

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40 Terms

1
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What happens to a glucose molecule that loses a hydrogen atom in an oxidation-reduction reaction?

It becomes oxidized.

2
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What percentage of ATP formed by glycolysis comes from substrate-level phosphorylation?

Approximately 2%.

3
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What is the net yield of ATP, NADH, and pyruvate from glycolysis per glucose molecule?

Two molecules of NADH, four of ATP, and two of pyruvate.

4
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When is a biological molecule considered reduced?

When it gains an electron.

5
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Where does glycolysis occur in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

In the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

6
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What is the oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

NAD+; to become reduced, it must accept two electrons.

7
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What do the carbons in pyruvate derive from during cellular respiration?

From glucose, which is ultimately converted to carbon dioxide.

8
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During which phases of cellular respiration is ATP produced through substrate-level phosphorylation?

Glycolysis and the Citric acid (Krebs) cycle.

9
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How does the translocation of protons contribute to ATP production in mitochondria?

It sets up an electrochemical gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

10
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Which product is NOT a net product of Phase 2 of cellular respiration per molecule of glucose?

2 GTP is not a net product.

11
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What is the difference in energy source between substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?

Substrate-level phosphorylation uses a coupled exergonic reaction; oxidative phosphorylation uses a flow of hydrogen ions.

12
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Why are fermentation reactions important for cells?

They regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.

13
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What effect does increased ATP have on the enzyme phosphofructokinase in the presence of oxygen?

It inhibits the enzyme and slows glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

14
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In the metabolism comparison of two cultures of yeast, what conclusion can be drawn from different glucose consumption rates?

Culture A is grown aerobically; Culture B is grown anaerobically.

15
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What are the statements regarding FADH2 and the Krebs cycle?

Statement 1) is false; statement 2) is true.

16
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If a DNA molecule has a sequence of bases 5'-ATTGCA-3', what would be the complementary strand?

5'-TGCAAT-3'.

17
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What key factor did Hershey and Chase use to determine genetic material?

DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.

18
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What density distribution would you expect after two generations of E. coli grown on different nitrogen media?

One intermediate-density band.

19
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If an organism's DNA contains 24% thymine, what percentage would be cytosine?

26%.

20
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What is the function of telomerase in DNA replication?

It extends the daughter strand using a parental strand as a template.

21
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Which statement regarding the initiation of DNA replication in E. coli is correct?

DNA polymerase III requires an unoccupied hydroxyl group at the 3' end to extend.

22
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Which phase of the cell cycle involves cell functions and preparation for division?

G1 phase.

23
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What are histones involved in?

Histones wrap around DNA to form nucleosomes.

24
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What incorrect statement is associated with histone organization?

The core nucleosome is sealed by a single molecule of Histone H1.

25
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What conclusion can be drawn about a much larger proteome than genome?

A single gene must code for more than one protein.

26
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What is the most accurate order of transcription events?

RNA polymerase binds to promoter, DNA unwinds, RNA is synthesized, polymerase reaches terminator.

27
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What statement is true about transcription differences between bacteria and eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes have different RNA polymerases (I, II, and III).

28
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What incorrect statement is about transcription in bacteria?

Introns have to be removed from the primary RNA transcript in bacteria.

29
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How can mRNAs in eukaryotes carry information for multiple proteins?

They can be polycistronic.

30
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What happens in bacterial translation?

Transcription and translation occur simultaneously.

31
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Why the RNA transcript requires more processing in bacteria?

Bacteria lack introns that need splicing.

32
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Which enzyme catalyzes the addition of amino acids to tRNA molecules?

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases.

33
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How many amino acids would correspond to a 369-nucleotide long mRNA?

122 amino acids.

34
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How does termination of translation take place?

A stop codon is reached.

35
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How does the lack of organelles affect bacterial transcription?

The RNA transcript requires more processing.

36
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How is the recognition of the initiation codon in bacterial translation accomplished?

By the binding of mRNA with the small ribosomal subunit.

37
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Which processing event is correct regarding RNA?

RNA splicing can be catalyzed by ribozymes.

38
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What does redundancy in the genetic code mean?

More than one codon can specify the addition of the same amino acid.

39
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What is true about post-translational modification of proteins?

Many proteins are modified chemically after they are synthesized.

40
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What describes how a genetic code is defined?

The order of nucleotides dictates the order of amino acids in protein chains.