Ap Psych unit 3B

Habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation

associative learning

linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together

adverse conditioning

Associates unpleasant state with unwanted behaviour

biological preparedness

animals are biological predisposed to learning some stimulus

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.

acquisition

learning of an association

one trial learning

when conditioning occurs after a single experience involving relatively intense fear, pain, or sickness

respondent behavior

occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

unconditioned stimulus (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

conditioned stimulus

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

conditioned response

a learned response to a conditioned stimulus

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

taste aversion

a learned avoidance of a particular food

higher-order conditioning

A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

law of effect

Thorndike's rule that behaviors which have positive outcomes tend to be repeated

operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Reinforcement

any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

postive

adding stimulus

negative

take away stimulus

primary rienforcer

stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water

secondary rienforcer

stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer

shaping

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

instinctive drift

In animals, its been shown that certain behaviors can be shaped through reinforcement

superstitious

having faith in magic or chance

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

vicarious reinforcement

Learning that occurs by observing the reinforcement or punishment of another person.

continuous reinforcement

the reinforcement of each and every correct response

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

ratio

number of repetitions between reinforcement

interval

time between reinforcement

fixed reinforcement

A reinforcement schedule that allows students to predict when the reinforcement will follow the desirable behavior

quickest learning

variable reinforcement

An unpredictable reinforcement schedule

slower extinction

Modeling

the process of observing and imitating a behavior

pattern of learning (benura)

learning occurs through

-attention

-encoding

-motivation

classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events, INVOLANTARY

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher, VOLANTARY