APHG - Units 6 and 7 Gradesavers

site

physical characteristics of a location, including land, labor, capital

(mountains)

situation

the location of a place relative to another place

(cvs next to the doctors)

urbanization

movement of people from rural to cities

(chicago)

suburbanization

movement of mid-upper class people from urban core to outskirts

(houston to shadow creek)

urban sprawl

uncontrolled expansion of urban areas

(NYC)

urban decentralization

metropolitan area sprawls out

edge city

large node of office and retail activities on the edge of an urban city

exurb

small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

boomburb

significant growth in pop. and prosperity (suburban)

megacities

10 mil or more people in a city

Metacities

20 mil or more people in a city

megalopolis

several metropolitan areas overlapped

world city

activity interconnected and controls global systems of finance and commerce

urban hierarchy

ranking of settlements according to size and functions

rank-size rule

size of each rank is inversely proportional to its position. It is often observed in urban populations.

primate city

A city that dominates the economic, political, and cultural life of a country, overshadowing all other cities in terms of size and influence.

gravity model

Economic theory that predicts the flow of goods between two places based on their size and distance from each other.

christaller’s central place theory

settlements are organized in a hierarchical order based on size and function, with larger settlements providing more goods and services.

CBD (central business district)

commercial and business center of a city where financial institutions, corporate headquarters, and high-rise buildings are concentrated.

burgess concentric-zone model

urban land use theory divides cities into rings based on social status

hoyt sector model

circles with sectors of similar land use radiating out from the CBD, influenced by transportation routes.

harris and ullman multiple nuclei model

multiple centers of development instead of a single CBD

galactic city model

cities grow in hierarchical order based on population size & services offered, forming a central hub.

latin american city model

Urban structure with a central business district, elite residential sector, and surrounding zones of disamenity and squatter settlements.

southeast asian city model

CBD at the core, surrounded by colonial, market, and residential zones. Periphery has squatter settlements and industrial areas.

african city model

Urban layout in Africa with CBD, colonial CBD, industrial zone, informal sector, and transitional zone.

periférico

ring road or peripheral highway that encircles a city, providing a route for traffic to bypass the city center.

infilling

occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units, placing more people into existing city blocks

urban planning

designing cities to optimize land use, transportation, infrastructure, and public spaces for sustainable development and quality of life.

filtering

single-family owner to abandonment

infrastructure

basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society, such as roads, buildings, and utilities.

muncipality

city or town with corporate status and local gov

mixed land use

different functions into a building, block, or neighborhood

urban walkability

walkable city

transportation-oriented development

access to transportation

smart-growth policies

protects health and environment of an area

sustainable design initiatives

mixed land use, walkability, transportation

sustainable design zoning

contributes to environment of an area in relation to smart-growth policies

greenbelts

green area protected to contribute to sustainability

new urbanism

encourages sustainability

slow-growth cities

city that prioritizes sustainability > economic growth

de facto segregation

segregation by fact

quantitative data

data that can be counted

qualitative data

data influenced by opinions and ideas

census data

data about pop. of an area

housing discrimination

can deny financial services to residents

redlining

can deny financial services to residents by race

blockbusting

agents convince white property owners to sell property at low prices in fear of POC moving in

housing affordability

financial capability to afford a home

environmental injustice

effect of pollution and contamination on minorities

disamenity zone

bad social and environmental conditions

zone of abandonment

desserted areas

squatter settlement

buildings to provide shelter for poor people

land tenure

property rights

inclusionary zoning

provides incentives for less well-off people to buy a house

urban renewal

cities remove residents from low income areas to rebuild to attract higher income residents

gentrification

low to high value neighborhood

urban sustainability

meet the needs of present without compromising ability of future generations to meet needs

ecological footprint

impact of human activities

suburban sprawl

developed over large areas of land

urban canyons

canyon-like street with buildings on both sides

urban heat island

metro area that’s warmer than surrounding rural areas

brownfields

contaminated area potentially

urban redevelopment

renovating a site by removing and rebuilding

industrial revolution

started in great britain, rapid dev. of industry

industrialization

more machinery

deindustrialize

reduction of manufacturing

cottage industry

production is based in homes

rust belt

new york to midwest dominated by manufacturing, abandoned rusted from exposure

primary sector

raw materials extracted

secondary sector

processing and manufacturing raw materials

tertiary sector

information and service

quaternary sector

managing and processing info

quinary sector

creating info and making big decisions that impact millions

break-of-bulk point

transfer of goods from one transportation mode to another

least cost theory

industry is based where cost of transporting raw materials and final output are minimal

multiplier effect

industry encourages growth in other industrial sectors

bulk-gaining industries

makes products that weigh more after assembly compared to before

bulk-reducing industries

produces a product that weighs less than starting

core

control over surrounding periphery

semi-periphery

higher standard of living than periphery but lower than core

periphery

lowest standard of living

(GDP) gross domestic product

total accounting of a nations output

(GNP) gross national product

total value of goods and services

gross national income per capita

total income from country’s residents

formal sector

monitored economic activites

informal sector

economic activities unmonitored

GINI coefficient

economic inequality measurement

(GII) Gender Inequality Index

inequality in achievement of men compared to women

(HDI) human development index

social and economic development based on schooling, birth, and GNI per capita

income distribution

how income is distributed among individuals/households

fertility rate

avg number of children born

infant mortality rate

newborns died in relation to total number of live births

access to healthcare

individuals can obtain needed medical services

glass ceiling

invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from rising to higher positions

(NGO) Non government organization

organization focused on social problems

microloans

small loans provided to individuals or small businesses

rostow’s stages of economic growth

traditional > preconditions for takeoff > takeoff > drive to maturity > age of high mass consumption

wallerstein’s world system theory

world is dominated by europe and north america

dependency theory

LDCs are highly dependent on foreign factories and tech from MDCs to provide employment and infrastructure