Dual Credit US History - Unit 5

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Railroads were given over $200 million acres of land grants to build the railroads. Many of the plots were sold at an average price of $3 an acre. The proximity of the railroad to a town normally would play a role in its survival.

The Big Four Railroad Magnets

*Charles Crocker

*Collis Huntington

*Mark Hopkins

*Leland Stanford

Transcontinental Railroad

Built by Company Union Pacific & Company Central Pacific, mainly by Chinese and Irish immigrants.

Promontory Point, Utah (May, 1869)

Where the railroad was completed. Expanding from 35,000 miles in 1865 to 192,000 miles in 1900.

Henry Comstock

Owned silver and gold mine in Virginia City, Nevada known as the Comstock Lode, that produced over $340 million dollars.

Prostitution

The most common employment for women in the west.

Saloon

The biggest business in most cities. There were a lot more saloons then churches and grocery stores. They offered free lunches and served as social club.

Second Treaty of Fort Laramie

United States guaranteed the Sioux Americans Indians, Southern South Dakota

Indian Peace Commission

Created two large reservations on the plains. Your responsibility for their food and supplies. Ran by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

Run the reservations. The army dealt with groups that did not report.

Sand Creek Massacre (1864)

Cheyenne Native Americans attacked wagon trains and ranches in Colorado. Chief Black Kettle brought hundreds of Cheyenne to Fort Lyon negotiate. Instead of peace, the United States army attacked them and killed over 400 Cheyenne in the Sand Creek Massacre.

Great Plains and Homestead Act

Went west to the Rocky Mountains with less than 20 inches of rain per year.

Homestead Act - attracted settlers to move by offering them 160 acres after living there after five years.

Wheat Belt

Wheat withstood drought, so it become the regional crop in the Great Plains. Businesses founded corporate farms known as Bonanza Farms that covered up to 50,000 acres.

Ranching

Grew because of open range! Cattle were divided, branded, and moved by Cowboys that were mainly former Confederates, Hispanics, and African Americans.

Cattle Drives

Texas longhorns survived harsh climates. Kansas Railroad on the Chisholm Trail provided 10x's the price in Texas.

Joseph Gidden

Created barbed wire that ended the cattle drives!

Fun Fact!

25% of Texas Cowboys were African Americans

The Gilded Age

Was written by Mark Twain and Charles Warner about 1870 to 1900. Which looks like a time of growth but really was filled with corruption, poverty, and a huge difference between the rich and poor. Top 10% earned 75% of nation's wealth. Also political parties beliefs were barely differentiated.

Bloody Shirt

Using military service to help gain a political office!

Election of 1868

Main issue was the greenback currency. Federal troops helped African Americans vote, and Ulysses S. Grant received nearly every African American Vote. Horatio Seymour received mostly white votes.

Grant vs. the Ku Klux Klan

3 men killed 300 formers slaves in Texas. The Ku Klux Klan started killing in Tennessee and other states. They planned to harass and kill former slaves, killing 4 in South Carolina, and killing 81 in Louisiana.

Enforcement Acts

Congress passed laws enforced by President Grant to stop Ku Klux Klan activity. Hanging, public execution, etc...

Soft Money

Money that is not based on the Gold Standard. Always in danger of inflation, easier to pay off debts. Easier to pay off debts because you can just print more.

Hard Money

Based on the Gold Standard. Money keeps its value.

Crime of '73

Congress stopped coining silver, cuts down they money in circulation.

Whiskey Ring

Government officials filed false tax reports, including President Grant's private secretary. Who he helped avoid jail time!

William Belknap

Secretary of War accepted bribes to short supplies to Indian Reservations.

Robber Barons

Railroad owners that people believed got wealthy of society but gave nothing back: monopolies that worked together, formed pools, etc.....

Jim Fisk + Jay Gould

Both worked with President Grant's brother-in-law to corner the gold market by artificially raising price. The federal reserve sold gold to end their attempt. Jay Gould made profit on the stock market and embezzled from railroads.

Credit Mobilier

A construction company owned by Union Pacific that overcharged itself, to make investors a fortune, but almost made railroad was almost bankrupt. Congress gave additional land grants to the railroad after several members of Congress were given shares in Union Pacific. 2 Congressmen and the Vice-President were implicated in the scandal.

Political Machine

People that would provide important services and jobs for votes. Would threaten to remove services if you did not vote.

(1870) - 1 out of 12 men in New York worked for government.

Tweed Ring

Was led by William "BOSS" Tweed. He controlled election through New York Political Machine Tammany Hall and took $200 million from New York Citizens! Samuel Tilden prosecuted Tweed, who died behind bars. Giving Tilden a shot at the presidency in 1876 with the money!

Victoria Woodhull

In the 1870s, she fought sexual stereotypes, professed free love, and published that prominent minister Henry Beecher had numerous affairs. She was the first woman to run for president in 1872 as the Equal Rights candidate with Fredrick Douglas as her running mate.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Took over Women's Suffrage Movement. She pushed for the right of the vote, and won the right to vote in Wyoming in 1869! Women mostly live in Wyoming!

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Led by France Willard and Carrie Nation. There was over 300,000 members. They fought for Prohibition, 8 hour workdays, ending child labor, federally inspected food, kindergarten, and uniform equal marriage and divorce laws.

Election of 1872

Horace Greeley - He ran against President Grant as a Liberal Republican and Democrat even though he published anti-Democratic stores in his newspaper. Unfavored because he was an atheist, communist, free-lover, vegetarian, and bail bondsman to Jefferson Davis. He lost and Grant won!

Panic of 1873

There were bank runs and the stock market crashed because of 25 railroads not making payments and banks over lending. This lasted for 6 years. Within 1000s of businesses closed and 10000s of people were unemployed. Affected African Americans most lost $7 million in savings, losing confidence overall in savings industries.

Election of 1876

Rutherford B. Hayes vs. Samuel Tilden

Tilden overall had more votes and notoriety for taking down the Tweed Ring.

Compromise of 1877 - Tilden lost because Hayes promised to end Reconstruction, peace was brought by sacrifice Southern Black Rights.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

Railroads cut wages! 80,000 railroad workers in 11 states stopped working as a result. Violence erupted. President Hayes ordered the army to stop the strike. In the end, 100 people died and millions of dollars in property were lost.

Jim Crow

Laws in the south to keep African Americans in a condition similar to slavery. Included literacy tests, poll taxes, and grandfather clauses.

Bourbons or Redeemers

They cut a bunch of budgets for African Americans including education. Use convict leasing, black labor labeled as prisoners.

Jim Crow Tests

Poll Tax - required voting citizen to pay a tax

Literacy Test - required by all voting citizens

Grandfather Clause - let poor white people vote if they had an ancestor voting in 1867.

Sharecropping

Fate of several former slaves, paying a portion of crops to rent farm land. Kept African Americans and poor whites in constant debt.

Spoils System/Patronage

Giving civil service or government jobs to the winning party.

Roscoe Conkling

Led the Stalwarts, a group that supported this system of rewarding supporters with government jobs.

James G. Blaine

Led the Half-Breeds to change how civil service reform was being done. By giving jobs based of merit.

Election of 1880

James Garfield former Union General barely won, and was assassinated by Charles Guiteau. Guiteau was a Stalwart looking for a government job. Chester A. Arthur became president.

Pendleton Act (1883)

Government employees received jobs based on exam scores.

Slaughterhouses Cases

Stated the 14th amendment would give more protections to corporations than African Americans and state governments were required to enforce civil right violations.

Alexander Graham Bell

In 1876, invented the telephone, creating the Bell Telephone Company which become AT&T! American Telephone and Telegraph Company!

Thomas Edison

Invented the Phonograph, Light Bulb, Electric Generation, and Motion Pictures!

His company supplied electricity in New York City in 1882.

James Hill

He built the Great Northern Railroad without federal land grants. It was the only transcontinental railroad NOT to go bankrupt.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

He combined New England Railroads into one company and charged low fares. Made over $100 million and started Vanderbilt University.

Democratic Bloc

*KKK, White Southerners that wanted to preserve white supremacy

*Catholics

*Recent immigrants (jews)

*Urban working poor (pro-labor)

*Farmers

Republican Bloc

*Northern Whites (pro business)

*African Americans

*Northern Protestant

*Old WASPs (support for anti-immigrant laws)

*Most of the middle class

American Railway Association

They divided the country into four time zone in 1883.

1884 Election

Mugwumps - Republicans supported Cleveland since James Blaine was corrupt.

Grover Cleveland

Democratic candidate with an illegitimate child, first Democratic President since Buchanan. Served non-consecutive terms.

Statue of Liberty (1886)

Designed by Gustave Eiffel, erected in New York Harbor, a gift from France

Cleveland's Presidency

He married in the White House, and had a daughter named Ruth

Presidential Succession Act

If President and Vice President die, the cabinet members would take over

Santa Clara County vs. Southern Pacific Railroad

Corporations have the same right as people under the equal protection clause

Wabash vs. Illinois (1886

Small businesses and farmers became angry at railroads because they paid high rate but large corporations paid lower rates Ruled only the government could regulate interstate commerce. This created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which banned pools (large corporations or people work together to set up artificial prices)

Election of 1888

Cleveland won the popular vote but lost the election to Benjamin Harrison

Grand Army of the Republic

Union veterans who wanted a pension for fighting in the Civil War. President Harrison passed a Pension Bill, given to deserters and all troops who served. Also led to young girl marrying old men for their pensions.

Harrison's Presidency

There were 6 new states added to the Union: North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming

Oklahoma Sooners

United States buys Native American Land and gives it away on a first come/first serve basis in the Oklahoma Land Rush

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote Significance of the Frontier in American History.

American democracy was formed by the American frontier, safety valve thesis is the assertion that the frontier, as a place of opportunity and escape, defused, social discontent in America, preventing the bloody social in Europe.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Prohibited companies from conspiring to establish monopolies, although the courts lacked the power to enforce the law.

McKinley Tariff

Was passed by the first Billion-Dollar Congress. This raised tariffs, which led to the Panic of 1893.

Coca-cola

Developed by Dr.John Pemberton in Atlanta as a cure for headaches. It then became a national product that received warnings from church groups because of the inclusion of cocaine.

Chautauqua Movement

Education movement for the adult population of the United States

Education

Enrollment in 1870 was 7 million students and then tripled to 22 million students in 1920.

Higher Education

College enrollment increased from 52,000 in 1870 to 157,000 in 1890 and 600,000 in 1920.

nativism

The hatred of foreigners, immigrants, and Catholics. They focused on groups from Eastern Europe because of their political view.

American Protective Association

They disliked Catholics and foreigners and wanted to stop immigration. Connected to the slide of "nativism."

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

They barred Chinese immigration and prevented citizenship until 1943.

U.S. vs. Wong Kim (1898)

protected the citizenship of Chinese Americans

Battle of Little Bighorn

George Custer claimed gold on Lakota Sioux land starting a land rush. In 1876 the Lakota left their reservation under Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull to hunt buffalo that were being killed by professional hunters. George Custer went to force back onto the reservation, but was killed with all his men.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

At the Lakota Sioux reservation, the Lakota were ordered to stop the Ghost Dance - a prayer to their gods to get of white man. Many unarmed Lakota were killed in the final Native American resistance.

Indians were defeated by -

1. White man’s diseases

2. Wars

3. Buffalo extermination

4. Loss of their land to White settlement

5. The railroad

William F. Cody

Known as Buffalo Bill. He killed over 4,000 buffalo in 18 months to force Indians on reservations. Started a wild west show in 1883. Native Americans ultimately subdued by the railroad with limitless supplies and people.

Dawes Act

Dawes Act would assimilate Native Americans into society as farmers then dissolve the tribes out of existence. Native American land was sold and held in trusts for them. Native Americans desired these opportunities.

Panic of 1893

The bankruptcy of two Railroad. As a result stock market crashed and banks closed. Lasted for 4 years. President Cleveland made gold the sole basis for currency, and had Congress repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act. The Democratic Split because of this!

New South

Began to create its own manufacturing produced less than 10% of US manufacturing. Tobacco continued to rival world production, by 1900 it produced the most cotton fabric in the nation, northerners purchased the southern railroads. Northerners invested little in southern industries.

Sears and Roebuck

Sold products more cheaply by buying in large bulk to people across the nation using the mail from isolated farms to the cities, with 6 million catalogs in circulation by 1900.

Rise of Big Business

A sole proprietorship is owned by one person who takes all the risk, but received all of the profit.

A corporation is owned by many people but treated by law as though it a single person.

Stockholders own the corporation and make money by selling stock or shares of the company.

Fixed Costs

exist whether the company is operating or not

Operating Costs

occur when a company is in operation. Large corporations produce more cheaply and survive by cutting prices to increase sales.

Laissez Faire

economy where the government does not interfere with business

Horizontal Integration

combines firms doing the same business into one corporation

Trust

merged businesses without violating laws. It lets a person to manage another person's property.

Monopoly

occurs when one company controls an entire market

Andrew Carnegie

He became a billionaire using the Bessemer process that made steel stronger and cheaper. He also began vertical integration of the steel industry, owning the different businesses it depends on, felt those who profited should give something back so he created his Gospel of Wealth using philanthropy, or great fortunes to further social progress. Gave away 350 of $400 million.

John D. Rockefeller

Started Standard Oil, the first monopoly, which controlled the world's oil market using vertical integration, controlling all aspects of the businesses and keeping its out of banks in case of financial crises. He owned 95% of the nation's oil, and became wealthier with the invention of the automobile, he donated $500 million to education and medicine.

Origin of Species

Book written by Charles Darwin in 1859. Wrote about that man developed from lover life forms, or survival of the fittest.

Herbert Spencer

Took Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to human society and called Social Darwinism. He felt human society evolved through competition and became better because only the fittest people survived.

Immigration

traditionally came from western Europe, but changed by 1900s. Industrialists helped create America as a land of opportunity to attract low wage immigrant to their factories. Thousands of Russian Jews fled to New York. 25% of immigrants between 1820 % 1900 returned home

Steerage

14-day cheap boat trip to Ellis Island

Dumbbell Tenement

Cheap housing for the poor. Mainly immigrants. Manhattan's 42,700 housed 1.6 million people.

Janes Addams

Started the Hull House. An early settlement house that taught immigrants English and Spanish Skills. Won the Noble Peace Prize in 1931