Ap world unit 3

unit 3

Gunpowder Empires

Large multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territory.They include the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires.

Gutenberg printing press

Invention that revolutionized communication and increased literacy in Europe.It allowed for the mass production of books, making literature more accessible to the general public and facilitating the spread of ideas during the Renaissance and Reformation.

Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)

Russian tsar who expanded eastward, conquering Kazan, Astrakhan, and Siberia.

Cossacks

Fierce peasant warriors hired to fight and expand Russian territory.

Ming Dynasty 

Chinese dynasty that overthrew the Yuan and stabilized East Asia.

Manchu / Qing Dynasty

Dynasty that succeeded the Ming in 1644 and ruled until 1911.

Emperor Kangxi

Qing ruler who expanded China into Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Tibet.

Emperor Qianlong

Qing ruler who expanded China into Taiwan, Mongolia, Central Asia, and Tibet.

White Lotus Rebellion

Peasant uprising against high taxes and corruption during the Qing Dynasty.

Tamerlane

Mongol-Turkic ruler whose conquests set the stage for the Gunpowder Empires.

Ghazi ideal

Model for warrior life blending nomadic values with Islamic holy fighting.

Ottoman Empire

Largest and most enduring Islamic empire, founded by the Osman Dynasty.

Mehmed II

Ottoman ruler who conquered Constantinople in 1453.

Suleiman I

Ottoman ruler who expanded into Hungary, Rhodes, and Tripoli.

Safavid Empire

Islamic empire in Persia enforcing Shi’a Islam.

Ismail

Founder of the Safavid Empire.

Shah Abbas I

Safavid ruler who strengthened the empire and imported European military technology

Mughal Empire

Islamic empire in India founded by Babur.

Akbar

Mughal ruler known for religious tolerance and administrative reforms

Castes (Jatis)

Strict social hierarchy in Hindu society.

Battle of Lepanto

Naval battle in 1571 where Europeans defeated the Ottomans.

Harem politics

Influence of wives and concubines in succession disputes.

Aurangzeb

Mughal ruler whose strict policies led to decline.

Divine Right of Kings 

Belief that monarchs receive authority from God.

Justices of the Peace

Officials in England who enforced laws and maintained order.

English Bill of Rights

Document limiting monarchy and guaranteeing civil liberties.

Absolutism

System where monarch holds complete authority.

Cardinal Richelieu

French minister who centralized power under Louis XIII.

Intendants

Royal officials who collected taxes and enforced orders in France.

Tax Farmers 

Officials who collected taxes and often kept a portion.

Louis XIV

French king known as the Sun King; built Versailles.

Versailles

Palace symbolizing absolute monarchy in France.

Boyars

Russian noble landowners.

Serfdom

System binding peasants to land with limited freedom.

Ivan IV (Oprichnina)

Paramilitary force used to control boyars.

Romanov Dynasty

Russian ruling family starting in 1613.

Peter the Great

Russian tsar who modernized government and built St. Petersburg.

Devshirme

Ottoman system of recruiting Christian boys for service.

Janissaries 

Elite Ottoman military units formed from devshirme recruits.

Daimyo

Japanese landholding aristocrats.

Tokugawa Ieyasu –

Founder of Tokugawa shogunate.

Period of Great Peace

Era of stability under Tokugawa rule.

Zamindars

Mughal officials who collected taxes.

Taj Mahal

A magnificent Mughal architectural achievement built by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his beloved wife,harmonious blend of Persian, Islamic, and Indian architectural styles, representing the pinnacle of Mughal art and

Askia the Great

Songhai ruler who promoted Islam and centralized administration.

Tax Farming

Ottoman system of tax collection by private individuals.

Tributes

Payments made to show submission to a powerful state.

Indulgences

Payments for absolution from sin.

Simony

Selling of church offices.

95 Theses

Martin Luther’s document challenging Church practices, primarily criticizing the sale of indulgences and questioning papal authority regarding salvation and purgatory.

Martin Luther

Leader of the Protestant Reformation.

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism; emphasized predestination.

Predestination

Belief that God has already chosen who will be saved.

Puritans

English Protestants seeking to purify the Church of England.

Anglican Church

Church of England created by Henry VIII.

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation.

Jesuits

Catholic missionaries and educators.

Council of Trent

Catholic council that reformed practices and reaffirmed doctrines.Catholic council that reformed practices and reaffirmed doctrines.

Peace of Augsburg

Treaty allowing German states to choose Catholicism or Lutheranism.

Edict of Nantes

Decree granting religious tolerance to Huguenots in France.

Thirty Years’ War

Religious conflict in Europe (1618–1648).

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty ending Thirty Years’ War; allowed rulers to choose religion.

Shariah

Islamic legal system implemented in the Ottoman Empire.

Sikhism

Monotheistic religion blending Hindu and Islamic elements.

Empiricism

Scientific method based on observation and evidence, developed by Francis Bacon.

Janissaries

Ottoman elite soldiers recruited through devshirme.

Ghulams

Safavid elite soldiers from minority groups.

Devshirme

Ottoman system of recruiting Christian boys for service.

Civil Service Exam

System used in Ming and Qing China to recruit bureaucrats.

Zamindars

Mughal tax collectors.

Tax Farming

Ottoman system of tax collection by private individuals.

Aztec Tribute Lists

System of collecting goods and people from conquered states.

Ming Hard

paper money was widely used for taxes and trade, but it led to counterfeiting and hyperinflation. To solve this, the Ming government required that taxes be paid in rice and later in silver coins, which were considered “hard currency” because they had intrinsic value and were harder to counterfeit.

Currency Policy

Taxes paid in rice and silver to combat inflation.

Legitimacy through Religion

Use of divine right, caliph titles, and conversion to Islam.

Legitimacy through Art

Portraits, miniature paintings, and patronage of artists.

Monumental Architecture

Taj Mahal, Palace of Versailles, mosques, and palaces.