Accent
Deviation from standard pronunciation
Accusative
Form of a noun when it is the direct object of the sentence
Acronym
Complex word consisting of initial letters of its components
Adjective
Words that typically describe nouns, can be gradable
Adjunct
optional constituent of a clause
Adverb
word/s that specify manner, cause or spatial and temporal dimensions
Adverbial
words that give more information about a verb. They can be one word (angrily, here) or phrases (at home...)
Adverbial of manner
indicates the manner in which something is done etc.
Adverbial of place
indicating place of action, event or state
Adverbial of time
indicates the time or duration of a verbal action
Affix
cover term for prefixes and suffixes
Agentive noun
noun created from a verb (to clean -> cleaner)
Allomorph
one of a set of forms that a morpheme may take in different contexts
Allophone
realization of a phoneme
Analogy
Irregular forms are regularized by assimilating them into the regular form
Analytical language
type of language that conveys relationships between words in a sentence with helper words as opposed to changing the word form
Anaphora
word expression referring to previous mention
Antonym
word expressing the opposite of another word
Aphasia
a speech disorder caused by organic damage to the brain
Arbitrariness
absence of any natural or necessary connection between a word's meaning and its sound or form
Article
a word indicating whether the noun it modifies is definite/indefinite, specific/general
Aspect
grammatical category of finite verbs, provides info about the manner and duration of the verbal action
Assimilation
the influence of a sound on the articulation of another sound
Attribute
modification of a noun -> a new car, a recently excavated temple
Auxiliary
verbs with dominantly grammatical function co-occurring with another verb to form compound tenses
Back-formation
process of forming a new word by removing actual or supposed affixes from another word
Behaviourism
a research tradition in psychology restricted to the analysis and measurement of observable behaviour, stimulus-and-response
Blend
a complex word created by fusing its two components
Bloomfieldian structuralism
Dominant school in American linguistics, Leonard Bloomfield in 30' and 50', recording and describing the sound systems and grammars of languages
Case
noun category indicating grammatical function, in Eng common and genitive, dative -> realised analytically
Cataphora
the use of an expression or word that co-refers with a later, more specific, expression in the discourse
Causative construction
expresses that the subject causes someone to do something or something to become something else
Chiasmus
a figure of speech in which the grammar of one phrase is inverted in the following phrase, such that two key concepts from the original phrase reappear in the second phrase in inverted order. "She has all my love; my heart belongs to her."
Clause
a grammatical unit that: includes, at minimum, a predicate and an explicit or implied subject
Cleft sentence
syntactic construction in which one constituent is emphasised by separating it from the rest of the sentence
Clipping
abbreviated word forms which originate from omitting the beginning or end of words
Code-switching
when multilingual ppl switch between the languages they know, even in one sentence
Coherence
what makes a text semantically (logically) consistent
Cohesion
grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning
Collection of citations
viz corpus
Collocation
tendency of words to co-occur in ways beyond grammatical and logical semantic restrictions
Communication
the purposeful transmission of meaningful contents, can be verbal and non-verbal
Competence
the unconscious knowledge of grammar that allows a speaker to use and understand a language
Complement
a constituent that is necessary for a sentence to be complete
Complementary distribution
mutually exclusive relationship between two phonetically similar segments
Complex sentence
sentences with at least one dependent clause
Compound word
word formed by at least two morphemes
Conjugation
the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration of form according to rules of grammar)
Conjunction
linguistic elements that link two or more words, phrases, clauses, or sentences within a larger unit, in such a way that a specific semantic relation is established between them
Connotation
the wide array of positive and negative associations that most words naturally carry with them
Consonant
sound produced with an obstruction to the airflow
Constituent
word or group of words that function as a single unit within a sentence
Constituent order
the position of constituents within a
Conversation analysis
a sub-discipline mainly concerned with investigating how cohesion and coherence are established in everyday conversation
Conversion
change of word class
Corpus
A collection of texts compiled for linguistic analysis
Creole
a language that developed from pidgin, when pidgin becomes a native language of someone said pidgin becomes a creole language
Dative
indirect object case in languages that express grammatical relations by means of cases
Declarative clause
a statement that declares something
Declension
changes that nouns, pronouns, articles, and adjectives undergo to indicate their role in a sentence, usually by changing the endings of a noun
Deixis
the use of general words and phrases to refer to a specific time, place, or person in context, e.g., the words tomorrow, there, and they. Words are deictic if their semantic meaning is fixed but their denoted meaning varies depending on time and/or place.
Demonstrative pronoun
pronoun allowing the reference to extra-linguistic or textual contexts, the most important in Eng today: this/that and these/those, pronouns of literal and figurative distance
Denotation
refers to the "objective" meaning of a word, in contrast with connotation
Derivation
the formation of a word by changing the form of the base or by adding affixes to it
Determiner
Elements which do not replace the entire noun phrase but are a part of it, word or affix that belongs to a class of noun modifiers that expresses the reference, including quantity, of a noun
Diachronic
the historical analysis of linguistic facts, film (f.e. from Latin to french)
Dialect
a regionally specific variety of a language differing in pronunciation, grammar and lexis
Diphthong
a vowel sound which changes its quality -> from a to u as in au
Discourse
synonym for "text" or situation-specific communication or the generic term for speech conventions which are socially and historically typical of an era
Dissimilation
A sound change where similar or same sounds become different
Distinctive feature
the most basic unit of phonological structure that distinguishes one sound from another within a language
Dysphemism
substitution of a word in an offensive/impolite manner
Elicitation
Collection of primary language data by questioning informants, forming of a corpus
Error Analysis
A branch of applied linguistics which uses the analysis of learners' errors as the basis for investigating foreign language acquisition
Etymology
the branch of linguistic science that treats the history of words and their components, with the aim of determining their origin and their derivation
Euphemism
Substitution of a word for a less offensive /polite variant
Final devoicing
A phonological pattern in which a normally voiced consonant in final-syllable position is replaced by a voiceless consonant
Finite verb form
a verb form agreeing in person and number with a subject or signalling grammatical tense
Folk/popular etymology
a change in the form and /or meaning of a word, which results from the incorrect assumption that it has a certain etymological origin
Formalism
focuses on the structure of the language, emphasising the deductive properties of the language system, grammar structures are important, opposed to functionalism
Function word
A word which lost its lexical meaning now serves to express grammatical relations within a sentence
Functional sentence perspective FSP
model to describe the information structure of a sentence, theme/topic and rheme/comment -> theme provides known/contextually given or otherwise lowe-order info, rheme provides new or high-order info, typically it's theme before rheme
Functionalism
collective name for linguistic schools that think that grammatical form is wholly or partly shaped by meaning/semantics and speakers' communicative needs/pragmatics
General/theoretical linguistics
branch of linguistics studying similarities among many different human languages and properties of human language in general
Generative grammar
theory of grammar by Chompsky -> grammars of natural languages are formal systems
Gerund
verb form with the suffix -ing, said verb can then become a noun
Glide, semi-vowel
"something in between" vowel and consonant /w/ and /j/ -> they don't fit in with either vowels or consonants
Grammar
the description of structural rules for combining words into constituents and clauses, word formation and syntax
Hendiadys
the expression of a single idea by two words connected with 'and'
Historical-comparative linguistics
branch of linguistics concerned with reconstruction of older states of languages and the study of the relationship among languages which have developed from a common source, Indo-European is the most advanced branch
Homography
Same spelling different pronunciation gotta be careful bcs of Polysemy
Homonymy
Same spelling and pronunciation but different meaning
Homophony
Same pronunciation different spelling
Hypercorrection
Overcorrecting to the point where one uses a form that is impossible according to grammatical rules, it's a tendency of learners
Hyperonym and hyponym
Super and subordinate terms
Idiom
a semantic unit whose meaning cannot be deduced from the meanings of its constituents
Idiomatic language
uses words in a way that sounds natural to native speakers of the language, tricky for learners because it does not make much sense for them, u use idioms and collocations that do not go logically together but make sense to a native speaker and are correct
Implication
One statement implies another statement if the latter can be deduced from the former
Implicature
something the speaker suggests or implies with an utterance, even though it is not literally expressed
Infinitive
A non-finite verb form which is in Eng identical to the base and introduced by ‘to’