Kohler Illumination

What is the purpose of koeller illumination

It finds the best compromise between contrast, depth of field and resolving power

What does the stage adjuster do?

Moves the stage around so the slide is in the correct spot under the microscope

What does the condenser height control do?

Positions the condenser lens as close as possible to the bottom of the slide without touching it

What does the field diaphragm do?

Makes the source of light smaller and bigger

What do the condenser centering screws do?

Center the light hexagon

What does the aperture diaphragm lever do?

Adjusts the contrast and resolution

What is blastulation?

Formation of a ball of cells

What is gastrulation?

Formation of three germ layers

What are the three distribution patterns that organisms can be distributed in?

• Uniform

• random

• clumped

Does a high mean automatically indicate evenness between samples?

No

What does the simpsons diversity index measure?

measure of diversity that quantifies both the richness (number of species) and the evenness (relative abundance of species) in a community

Why is there n-1 in the simpsons diversity index

part of the formula that calculates the probability that two randomly selected individuals are the same species:

Are tapeworm truly segmented?

No

Why aren’t tapeworms truly segmented?

Because their body consists of proglottids which are individual units

How does a hydrostatic skeleton work?

Uses a fluid filled cavity to allow an organism to change shape and apply force

How to tell if a squid is male

You will see a spermatophoric gland to the side or just below the branchial heart. The testes will be a white mass at the posterior end of the squid

How to tell if a squid is female

You will have a large yellow gelatinous mass at the posterior end of the squid

In what order does water enter the water vascular system in echinodermata?

Madreporite → stone canal → ring canal → radial canal → ampullae → podia (tube feet)

Is the mesoglea a germ layer?

No because it is found in diploblastic animals with an endoderm and ectoderm

what stages do jellyfish undergo during development?

Polyp asexually makes medusa → Medusa sexually makes gametes → Gametes fuse to planula larvae → Planula settles to make new polyp

What aspect of jellyfish biology allows their bodies to float?

Their mesoglea in the bell

How did jellyfish blooms arise?

When there is something wrong with the ocean:

• warmer waters allow them to mature faster

• overfishing removes their natural predators

How do Ctenophores eat?

Catch food on tentacles and wipe across mouth—some species swallow whole

Are all worms cephalized?

Some parasitic flatworms like the flatworms (Cestoda) aren’t

What is the equation for a scale bar length?

Drawing size/Actual size = X(physical length of scale bar)/size scale bar represents

How big should the scale bar be on the paper?

Between 10-50% of the actual drawing size

What are the four cephalopod groups?

• Nautiloids

• Cuttlefish

• Squid

• Octopus

Which group of Cephalopods has shell coiling?

Nautiloids

How is the shell coiling in nautiloids different than gastropods

Nuatiloids coiling is the same on both sides and less tight

Why have bivalves lost cephalization?

An adaption to their filter feeding lifestyle

Which valve is larger in an oyster?

The left valve

In what direction are oysters elongated?

Dorsoventrally

In what direction are scallop shells elongated?

Dorsal-ventral

In what direction are clams elongated?

Anterior-posterior

In what direction are mussels elongated?

Anterior-posterior axis

How would you tell blue mussels apart from horse mussels

The blue mussel is quite blue while the horse mussel has a tinge of purple to it

How does collecting seashells harm the beach?

• Increased erosion

• Habitat loss for animals that use them

• Reduced biodiversity

What kind of skeleton is found in arthropods?

A chitinous exoskeleton

Name an insect group that undergoes homometabolous metamorphosis (egg→larva→pupa→adult)

Butterflies

Name an insect group that undergoes hemimetabolous metamorphosis (egg→nymph→adult)

Dragon flies

What is an advantage of complete metamorphosis?

Protection during the pupa stage

What is the 5th subphyla of Arthropoda that only includes extinct animals?

trilobitomorpha

What two tagmata do crustaceans have?

Cephalothorax and abdomen

What two tagmata do myriapoda have?

Head and trunk

What two tagmata do Chelicerata have?

Cephalothorax and abdomen

What three tagmata do hexapoda have?

Head, thorax, abdomen

Carpace vs cephalothorax

Cephalothorax is head and thorax while carpace is protective shell covering cephalothorax

What type of skeleton is found in echinoderms?

Calcium carbonate endoskeleton made of ossicles

Which classes of echinodermata have secondary bilateral symmetry?

Echinoderm larvae—starfish and sea urchins

Where does water leave the water vascular system in echinodermata?

The podia or tube feet

What structure secretes the pen in squid?

The mantle

What are the five chordate characteristics?

1. Notochord

2. Dorsal hollow nerve cord

3. Pharyngeal pouches and slits

4. Endostyle or thyroid gland

5. Post-anal tail

What subphyla does amphioxus belong too?

Cephalochordata

How to distinguish between Asterias and Leptasterias sea stars?

Asterias are much more standard with the typical look while Leptasterias are much thicker and spiky

How to distinguish between Asterias Forbesi and Asteria Ruben

Asterias Forbesi are smaller and less colorful

How to tell apart Leptasterias littoralis and leptasterias tenera

Leptasterias littoralis are the green slender armed

In fish dissection, which structure is the paired pale pink if female and red if male?

Gonad

In fish dissection which structure is the silver tube?

Swim bladder

In fish dissection which structure is the pink tube

Stomach and intestine

Which structure looks like fingers attached to the stomach?

Pyloric ceca

Which structure is at the anterior end of the stomach and is deep red, mushy?

Liver

Which scale is this?

Ctenoid

Which scale is this?

Cycloid

Which scale is this?

Placoid

Which scale is this?

Ganoid

What kind of caudal fin do myxini and petromyzontida have?

Protocercal (if not an option, diphycercal)

What kind of caudal fin do chondrichthyes have?

heterocercal tail

What kind of caudal fin do actinopterygii have?

Homocercal tail

What kind of caudal fin do sarcopterygii have?

Diphycercal

Do hagfish and lampreys have a pectoral fin?

No

Do hagfish and lampreys have an anal fin

No

What is viviparous?

Live birth, fed by placenta

What is oviparous?

Hatched from laid egg

What is ovoviviparous?

Live birth—fed by egg

What kind of young do sharks lay?

Ovoviparous

What is a mermaids purse?

Empty case of egg hatched by shark, skate, or ray

Catadromous migration

FW → SW → FW

Anadromous migration

SW → FW → SW

What is the common example given for anadramous migration?

Salmon; lampreys

What is the common example given for catadromous migration

Eels

What is cutaneous respiration?

Gas exchange occurs through the skin

Why are reptiles not monophyletic

They don’t include all recent common ancestors which includes birds

Tetrapods evolved from what fish ancestral group

Sarcopterygii or tetrapodamorphs

What are the layers in the amniotic egg

1. Chorion

2. Allantois

3. Amnion

4. Yolk sac

What is the function of the Chorion in the amniotic egg?

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

What is the function of the allantois in the amniotic egg?

Gas exchange and stores waste products

What is the function of the amnion in the amniotic egg?

Hydrates and cushions/protects

What is the function of the yolk sack in amniotic egg?

Provides nourishment (feeds)

What is the function of the temporal lobes in amniotes?

Allow muscles to expand and lengthen especially the jaw

Which skull is this?

Anapsid

Which skull is this?

Synapsid

Which skull is this?

Diapsid

Are there living examples of anapsids?

Only turtles

Key features of mammals:

• Warm-blooded

• Four chambered heart

• Diaphragm

• Lower jaw

What kinds of glands do mammals have?

• Mammary glands—produce milk

• Hair glands/sebaceous glands

What are these kinds of wings for?

Forest flying

What are these kinds of wings for?

Long distance flying

What are these kinds of wings for?

Soaring

What are the parts of a feather?

Quill, shaft, vanes

Why aren’t snakes ecdysozoan?

They are part of chordates with a vertebrate and are deuterostomes