RELIGION EXAM STUDY GUIDE (EVERYTHING)

apologist

They were educated Christians who provided a defense and explanation for why Christian beliefs were correct and superior.

What does lapis mean

A person who leaves the religion and comes back after persecution

What was Hippolytus

He was the antipope who became a saint after renouncing his claim and schism.

Martyrs

Literally means "witnesses".

What happened during the Great Persecution of Diocletian

Over 200 bishops were martyred and He ordered the closing of all Christian churches and buildings.

What was notable about St. Justin Martyr

He was an apologist and the first intellectual to see history as twofold--divided between the secular and the sacred.

How did Arianism spread so quickly throughout the Roman Empire

Arius was very clever, and persuasive, and likeable, the Roman nobility and Roman army embraced Arianism, and Arius taught his theology to sailors who spread it throughout the Mediterranean port cities

What was the result of the Council of Nicaea with respect to Arianism

Arianism was condemned

Arianism was so popular and widespread that even some bishops began to believe it

True

How did Arius attempt to solve the problem of explaining the Trinity

he said the Father created the Son and the Holy Spirit

What did the Edict of Milan do

made Christianity legal

What is the meaning of the term used to correctly describe the relationship between the Father and the Son in the Trinity?

of the same substance

Why did Constantine call the Council of Nicaea?

to settle the Arian crisis and have peace throughout the empire

What was the problem with the term consubstantial

it was used by a heretic - Paul of Samosata - to describe modalism

which preacher said, "Love based on physical beauty belongs to unchaste souls. Seek instead for beauty of soul."

Theodosius

Sometimes the preaching of a bishop or pope turned the Emperor to repentance from evil, as in the case of Ambrose and Theodosius.

True

Exile

A fate faced by many holy bishops after the legalization of Christianity, when political rulers disliked what they said.

Caesaro-papism

Eastern notion that the emperor was equal to or above bishops in matters of faith.

Vulgate

First Bible translated entirely into a single language.

Church Father

Early Christian leaders and writers known for orthodoxy, holiness, antiquity (1-8th century) and Church approval, often in the face of persecution.

When the city of Rome was sacked for the first time, many Christians, including priests and bishops, thought it might be a sign of the end of the world.

True

Saint who used to be an elite soldier, but left that life after an encounter with Christ in the person of a beggar.

St. Martin

Saint who helped convert St. Augustine, and was a mere catechumen when elected bishop by the people of Milan.

St. Ambrose

When Rome was sacked, some thought it was because of its return to the worship of pagan gods and goddesses.

False

Saint called "Golden Mouthed" who gave practical homilies urging the rich to help the poor and concerning how to have good, faithful marriages and families.

St. John Chrysostom

Saint known for his skill with languages and for his temper and tendency to insult foes.

St. Jerome

Omnipotent

Meaning "all-powerful". One of the characteristics of God.

Gnosticism

From the greek word meaning "knowledge", the idea that possessing secret knowledge is what can save you. This was a common characteristic of early heresies.

Theotokos

Means, "God-bearer", a title for Mary.

Dualism

A heretical belief that evil and good are equal and necessary to the structure of the universe.

Which preacher said, "Virtue is nothing without the trial of temptation, for there is no conflict without an enemy, no victory without strife."

St. Pope Leo the Great

Group that denied Original Sin and believed humans could "earn" heaven by living lives that were "good enough". Many Muslim denominations hold similar beliefs today.

The Pelagians

This group believed all material things were evil and only spiritual things were good. They also believed in abortion

The Manicheans

A schismatic group that felt a priest's personal sins could prevent God's grace from coming to us through the sacraments, this group would even actively attack Catholics and throw a blinding solution in the eyes of travelers.

The Donatists

Heretical group founded by a bishop/patriarch that promoted believed Jesus' human and divine persons were different from each other.

The Nestorians

What was one of the important ideas of Augustine's "City of God"?

That the "City of Man" encourages us to pursue selfish desires and worldly power or money instead of eternal happiness in heaven.

The Council of Ephesus found that Jesus became divine as he aged, not that he was born fully divine and human. This is why the Gospel said he "grew and wisdom and grace".

False

Which was a religious practice of the Norse pagans?

Human sacrifices, including at sacred trees dedicated to a god or goddess.

When Constantine fought the battle at the Milvian Bridge, Christians were only 15% of the Empire's population. By his death, they accounted for 30%.

True

The early Church found in favor of the Rigorist position, that the lapsi couldn't be forgiven for publicly denying Christ to save their own lives, and thus were damned. Their sin was "blasphemy against the Holy Spirit" Press False

False

The early Church found in favor of the Rigorist position, that the lapsi couldn't be forgiven for publicly denying Christ to save their own lives, and thus were damned. Their sin was "blasphemy against the Holy Spirit".

False

What phrase about Muslims are true?

Muslim men are allowed to be polygamists if they can "Treat all their wives equally."

Define the term "apologist"

They were educated Christians who provided a defense and explanation for why Christian beliefs were correct and superior.

Which were parts of Julian's plan to destroy and persecute the Church?

Reorganizing paganism, marginalizing Catholics, and allying with the Jews.

What did the Edict of Milan do?

made Christianity legal

Peregrinati

Religious pilgrims perpetually journeying to spread the faith.

Irish monastics

Preserved centuries of secular and sacred knowledge and were the cause of it being spread from 600 to 800 AD.

Arianism was so popular and widespread that even some bishops began to believe it.

True

What was the result of the Council of Nicaea with respect to Arianism?

Arianism was condemned

Which belief do Muslims hold in common with Christians?

That Mary the Mother of Jesus was a virgin when she conceived and gave birth to Jesus, and that she is to be revered among women.

St. Athanasius

"If the World is against the truth then i'm against the world." and "God was made man so that we might be made God."

St. Ambrose

Saint who helped convert St. Augustine, and was a mere catechumen when elected bishop by the people of Milan. Also didn't hesitate to criticize the most powerful politician when they sinned.

St. Jerome

Said Iterance of Scripture is Ignorance to Christ

St. John Damascene

Canonized over a thousand years after he died. Shows us it can take awhile to become/be recognized as a saint.

St. Simeon of the Stylite

He would held nothing back from God, and lived a life of extreme privation

St. Genevieve

Saved Paris form military assaults twice without a army

St. Dionysus of Alexandria

Didn't believe in rebaptisting people who had been trinitarian Baptist

St. Columbanus

"Be gentle to the weak, firm to the stubborn, steadfast to the proud, humble to the lowly."

St Nicholas the Great

clashed with the emperor over the papal right to promote bishops

St. Peter Damain

The Best penance is to bare and accept punishments God sends to us

Blessed Urban II

Pope who called for the First Crusade, which was a defensive war and the only really successful Crusade

St. Justin Martyr

He was an apologist and the first intellectual to see history as twofold and divided between the secular and the sacred.

St. Martin

Saint who used to be an elite soldier, but left that life after an encounter with Christ in the person of a beggar.

Theodosius

"Love based on physical beauty belongs to unchaste souls. Seek instead for beauty of soul."

St. John Chrysostom

Saint called "Golden Mouthed" who gave practical homilies urging the rich to help the poor and concerning how to have good, faithful marriages and families. He also said, "Love based on physical beauty belongs to unchaste souls. Seek instead for beauty of soul."

St. Pope Leo the Great

Which preacher said, "Virtue is nothing without the trial of temptation, for there is no conflict without an enemy, no victory without strife."

St. Hippolytus

He was the antipope who became a saint after renouncing his claim and schism.

St Ignatius

first to use the term Catholic Church and he was very important since he was the one who chose the role for the bishops

Confessors

Christians who weren't killed for their faith, but withstood prison and terrible tortures for it.

St. Clotilda

The saint whose 15 years of perseverance and prayer won over the heart of their spouse and led to the conversion of the Franks.

Pope St. Gelasius

Identify the saint who advanced the doctrine of 2 Powers, which held that the Church had authority over the government in spiritual and moral matters.

Nicholas the Great

One of many popes who had to defend the papal right to appoint bishops. When secular politicians have tried to appoint bishops in their territories it's called "lay investiture".

St. Celestine

Pope saint who had to deal with heresies, including Novatianism, which held that mortal sins couldn't be absolved by bishops/priests exercising God's authority.

St. Peter Damien

"The best penance is to accept with patience the punishments that God sends us."

St. Gregory of Nyssa

A Doctor and Father of the Church. Doctors give us spiritual insights on having an intimate relationship with God.

St. Benedict of Nursia

Responsible for the Rule that is still the foundation for most Catholic religious orders and that serves as a sort of Constitution for religious life

St. Vincent of Larins

Held that the core beliefs of the Church cannot change, since Truth is Truth.

St. Gregory the Great

Pope who urged St. Augustine of Canterbury not to be fearful, but to boldly proclaim Christ to the peoples of England.

St. Thomas Aquinas

One of the greatest theologians of the Church who insisted faith and reason were capacities all humans should exercise and strengthen

St. Simeon Stylites

Held nothing back from God and lived a life of extreme privation

St. Pachomius

A founder of cenobitic monasticism (when monks live together in the same building).

St. Anthony the Abbot of Egypt

Founded hermitic monasticism instead of cenobitic monasticism.

St. Boniface

"Apostle to the Germans", this saint chopped down an oak considered sacred to Thor. When the god of thunder didn't strike him down, it validated his message that Christ was greater than the Norse gods. The people converted.

St. Finnian of Clonard

Irish abbot that founded monasteries that produced manuscripts that spread knowledge to the rest of Europe.

St. Gregory I

Hid in a cave because he didn't want to be pope, but reluctantly agreed and did the job splendidly.

St. Gregory II

Sent Winfrid to convert the German tribes.

St. Augustine of Canterbury

Led 40 Italian monks to England to reconvert that land.

Pope Gregory VII

Reformer pope who instituted priestly celibacy to address the problem of priests giving property or showing favoritism to children. Celibacy means you don't get married or have sex, ever.

Blessed Raymond Llull

Set about converting Muslims through logic, debate, and by learning their language and culture.

Manuel II Palaiologos

Argued that a rational God would not approve of the use of violence for religious conversion.

St. Raymond Nonnatus

Patron saint of childbirth (because he was born by caesareansection). Gave himself over to ransom Muslim slaves to freedom.

Dhimmi

Status of Jews and Christians living in Muslim territory. Required that they pay an extra tax and submit to Islamic authority, but were allowed to basically practice their faith.

St. Thomas Aquinas

Argued that Muhammad's teachings should have been accompanied by miracles if they were truly from God, and should be dismissed since they were not.

St. Basil

Saint noted for being the founder of monasticism in the East and the inventor of the hospital system.

St. Patrick

Trusted a disembodied voice that told him to leave his master, walk 200 miles to the coast, and that a ship would be waiting to take him home. The ship was waiting when he arrived. He made it home, only to come back and convert the land of his enslavement.

St. Thomas Aquinas

One of the greatest theologians of the Church who insisted faith and reason were capacities all humans should exercise and strengthen?

Ecumenical Council

A gathering of the Church's bishops from around the world convened by the Pope or approved by him to address pressing issues in the Church.

What is the greatest commandment

Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind

When was the roman empire was divided into Diocese

around 283

What does the church do about the idea of the diocese by Diocletian

They inherit it