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when did lenin die
1924
what was lenins testament
a document giving thoughts to potential successors
who were the 5 contenders for power
stalin, trotsky, kamenev, bukharin, zinoviev
what were the strengths in stalin as a contender
important organising role in civil war
bolshevick
general secretary of communist party - shows commitment
what were key weaknesses for stalin as contender
no leading role in october 1917
lenins testament - talks bad about him
what were key strengths for trotsky as contender
great organisational skills - october rev, CW, red army
close to lenin
recommended in lenins testament
what were key weaknesses for trotsky as contender
mensharvick before bolshevick
arogant
hated NEP
what were key strengths for kamenev as contender
leader of bols in moscow
ally of stalin
working class background - understands them
what were key weaknesses for kamenev as contender
opposed bolshevik revolution
not loyal - lenins bestie but opposed him in 1917
what were key strengths for bukharin as contender
lots of media controll
liked by lenin
party favourite
what were key weaknesses for bukharin as contender
not very strtaegic
dissagreed with some of lenin’s ideas
what were key strengths for zinoviev as contender
helped lenin set up bol party
ran communist party in peterograd - leadership
head of comintern (international communism) - power
what were key weaknesses for zinoviev as contender
not largely liked
not respected
wanted end of NEP
lacked courage during civil war
who was chosen
stalin
how did stalin obvercome his rivals
lenins testament - he persuaded others featured in it not to publish it
lenins funeral - trotsky was ill and stalin tricked him into thinking it was on a different date so he didnt attend
removing trotsky - Z&K forced trotsky to resign as commisat of war - he lost his power
remove rivals - broke his allience with Z&K in 1962. 1927 - Z&K&T thrown out of party (allied with B to do this)
get rid of bukharin - stalin attacked him for supporting NEP and removed him from party
when were stalins purges
1928-40
reasons for the purges
economic problems - severe economic underporformance
threats to his position - kirov very popular
following lenins example - red terror during civil war was a precedent for purges
weaknesses of communist gov
timeline of purges - what happened in 1931
ex-Mensheviks shot
timeline of purges - what happened in 1933
18% of party members expelled
timeline of purges - what happened in 1934
kirov murdered
timeline of purges - what happened in 1936
first show trials - 16 party members
timeline of purges - what happened in 1937
show trial of 17 more party members - all found guilty
purge of military
NKVD begin mass arests
timeline of purges - what happened in 1938
last great show trials
bukarin shot
timeline of purges - what happened in 1941
purges had sent 8 million people to labor camps
consequence of the purges
Stalin dominant - they terrified everyone into obedience
old leninists destroyed - all dead so knowone could challenge stalin
chaos in gov and economy - loss of many experienced managers
weakened armed forces - purge of military had killed of most of stalin’s experienced officers
no-one felt secure in russia - they could be taken by police at any point
how were puges carried out
NKVD (secret police)
labour camps (gulags)
show rials
whne was secret police renamed NKVD
1934
what powers did the NKBVD have
could arest people without charge or trial and arrest them on the spot
who was the most notorious head od NKVD and what happened to him
yezhov
he was replaced by his assistant
why was secret police crucial for stalin in 1930s
they were able to controll people so that stalin was in absolute control
who ran the gulags
NKVD
what did prosoners do in Gulags
manual labor
contrsuction - railways/dams
mining
how many prisoners dies from cold, hunger and ill treatment
13 million
how many prisoners in gulags by 1938
7 million
what were show trails
made up crime trails that people admitted to to justify stalin’s purges to the whole world
when did show trials take place (what years)
1936-1938
what were people accused of during show trials
betraying communism/stalin or sabotage
why did the accused confess
they were so desperate for torture to stop
black mail
what is stalins terror
when stalin used existing bolshevick systems for purges (secret police, gulags)
what is propoganda
info of biased/miseading nature which is used to promoted a point
what is censorship
hiding info from the public eye
what were the reasons for the cult of stalin
setting up stalin as leader = soviet people confident that sacrifices are worth it
tradition - ruler is often ‘father of country’
to gain support for the regime
how was cult of stalin achieved
art - stalins image of ‘leader, teacher, friend’ was put in painings alll over USSR
propoganda - stalin always said that lenin, ussr and its poeple were more important than he was
books/poems/plays - they praised stalin for his achivements and made him look like he had a leading role in bolshevick rise to power
when did stalin intrduce the new constitution
1936
what was the new constitution meant to convince russians
that they were living in a free society
what did the new constitution prommise
elections to soviets every 4 years
candidates for elections to be apporved by the communist party
voting rights for all over 18
freedom of speech, press, religion
what actually happened with elections to soviets every 4 years
no elections ot communist party - stalin made them himself
what actually happened with: candidates for elections to be apporved by the communist party
the party candidate would be the only candidate
what acctualy happened with: voting rights for all over 18
what people were voting didn’t actually count so this was pointless - elections were rigged
what actually happened with: freedom of speech, press, religion
all freedoms exercised but only with approval of communist party
what 3 key areas of russian life did stalin try to controll
religion, education, culture
what did stalin do to controll religion
imprison cristian leaders
turned churches into museums
closed down more than 60,000 places of worship
why did stalin wnat to control religion
it posed a threat to the ‘cult of stalin’ as people owed alliences to a different god
what limitations were there to his control of religion
had to keep idea of freedom of religion
what did stalin do to controll education
made dicipline stricter
brought back examinations
why did stalin want to control education
so children were taught that stalin was a great leader
teaching of communism ideology was compulsory in schools
what did stalin do to control culture
writers, filmmakers and artists had to follow governments social realism policy
only allowed little knowlege of the outside world to spread
why did stalin want to control culture
stalin was writers and artists as dangerous as the had the potential to critisisce his work