A&P Chapter 3 Review

A&P

osmosis

the diffusion of water molecules through aquaporins in the cell membrane

facilitated diffusion

type of passive transport in which large molecules, such as glucose, pass through the cell membrane by diffusing through a specially shaped channel protein

diffusion

the natural movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration

extracellular fluid

watery medium surrounding a cell

interstitial fluid

collective term for all the extracellular fluid found in a tissue

mitosis

the division of the nuclear material that occurs before cytokinesis in somatic cells

cytokinesis

the division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis to form 2 daughter cells

interphase

most of a cell's life - divided into G1, S, and G2

G1

stage of interphase with lots of cell growth, doubling of organelles, and protein synthesis

S

stage of interphase when DNA replicates

G2

last stage of interphase, some protein synthesis happening

apoptosis

genetically programmed death of a cell

benign

referring to a tumor that is encapsulated, will not spread

malignant

referring to an invasive tumor that will likely spread; cancerous

metastasis

the spread of malignant cells into distant tissues

cancer

a disease that results from a malignant tumor - can be traced back to out-of-control mitosis

somatic cell

referring to any body cell that is NOT a sex cell

cytosol

the liquid portion of the cell's interior

enzymes

proteins that catalyze cellular reactions - some are located in the cell membrane

hypertonic

type of environment that caused this cell to lose water

hypotonic

type of environment that caused these cells to swell

isotonic

in this type of environment there is no net movement of water

hydrophilic

"water loving"; describes the head of a phospholipid

hydrophobic

"water fearing"; describes the tails of a phospholipid

phospholipid

neoplasm

tumor

differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

endocytosis

The process by which a cell ingests materials by creating a vesicle around them

exocytosis

the process by which cells release substances by sending vesicles to connect to cell membrane & release contents

phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells

pinocytosis

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid

receptor-mediated endocytosis

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the formation of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

cytology

study of cells

cell theory

fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are made of cells; that cells are the smallest functional unit of life; that all cells come from existing cells; and that cells are the basic homeostatic units of life.

selectively permeable

a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot

hydrophilic

Attracted to water

hydrophobic

having an aversion to water

phospholipid

a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes

channel protein

membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the plasma membrane

anchoring protein

a membrane protein that attaches the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilizes its position

enzymes

catalyze chemical reactions that take place either on the cell's external surface or just inside the cell

carrier protein

a protein that binds to molecules to shuttle them across the membrane

receptor protein

a protein that is sensitive to a specific signal molecule outside the cell, binds to the molecule which triggers a change inside the cell

recognition (identifier) protein

A protein within the cell membrane that identifies the cell.

membrane carbohydrates

part of complex membrane structures - act as cell lubricants, adhesives, receptors, cell identifiers (e.g. glycolipids & glycoproteins)

cholesterol

small lipid molecules mixed in among the fatty acid tails - important in maintaining membrane structure, fluidity, and permeability.

aquaporin

channel protein in a cell membrane specifically for the passage of water