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51 Terms
1
osmosis
the diffusion of water molecules through aquaporins in the cell membrane
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2
facilitated diffusion
type of passive transport in which large molecules, such as glucose, pass through the cell membrane by diffusing through a specially shaped channel protein
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3
diffusion
the natural movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
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4
extracellular fluid
watery medium surrounding a cell
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5
interstitial fluid
collective term for all the extracellular fluid found in a tissue
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6
mitosis
the division of the nuclear material that occurs before cytokinesis in somatic cells
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7
cytokinesis
the division of the cytoplasm that occurs at the end of mitosis to form 2 daughter cells
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8
interphase
most of a cell's life - divided into G1, S, and G2
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9
G1
stage of interphase with lots of cell growth, doubling of organelles, and protein synthesis
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10
S
stage of interphase when DNA replicates
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11
G2
last stage of interphase, some protein synthesis happening
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12
apoptosis
genetically programmed death of a cell
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13
benign
referring to a tumor that is encapsulated, will not spread
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14
malignant
referring to an invasive tumor that will likely spread; cancerous
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15
metastasis
the spread of malignant cells into distant tissues
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16
cancer
a disease that results from a malignant tumor - can be traced back to out-of-control mitosis
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17
somatic cell
referring to any body cell that is NOT a sex cell
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18
cytosol
the liquid portion of the cell's interior
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19
enzymes
proteins that catalyze cellular reactions - some are located in the cell membrane
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20
hypertonic
type of environment that caused this cell to lose water
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21
hypotonic
type of environment that caused these cells to swell
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22
isotonic
in this type of environment there is no net movement of water
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23
hydrophilic
"water loving"; describes the head of a phospholipid
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24
hydrophobic
"water fearing"; describes the tails of a phospholipid
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25
phospholipid
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26
neoplasm
tumor
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27
differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
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28
endocytosis
The process by which a cell ingests materials by creating a vesicle around them
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29
exocytosis
the process by which cells release substances by sending vesicles to connect to cell membrane & release contents
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30
phagocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells
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31
pinocytosis
A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid
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32
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the formation of membranous vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.
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33
concentration gradient
difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another
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34
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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35
solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
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36
solution
A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.
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37
cytology
study of cells
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38
cell theory
fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are made of cells; that cells are the smallest functional unit of life; that all cells come from existing cells; and that cells are the basic homeostatic units of life.
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39
selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
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40
hydrophilic
Attracted to water
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41
hydrophobic
having an aversion to water
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42
phospholipid
a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
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43
channel protein
membrane protein that allows a substance to pass through its hollow core across the plasma membrane
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44
anchoring protein
a membrane protein that attaches the plasma membrane to other structures and stabilizes its position
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45
enzymes
catalyze chemical reactions that take place either on the cell's external surface or just inside the cell
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46
carrier protein
a protein that binds to molecules to shuttle them across the membrane
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47
receptor protein
a protein that is sensitive to a specific signal molecule outside the cell, binds to the molecule which triggers a change inside the cell
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48
recognition (identifier) protein
A protein within the cell membrane that identifies the cell.
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49
membrane carbohydrates
part of complex membrane structures - act as cell lubricants, adhesives, receptors, cell identifiers (e.g. glycolipids & glycoproteins)
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cholesterol
small lipid molecules mixed in among the fatty acid tails - important in maintaining membrane structure, fluidity, and permeability.
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51
aquaporin
channel protein in a cell membrane specifically for the passage of water
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