Functional Anatomy

Musculoskeletal system

• antagonistic pairs- one muscle contracts (shortens) its partner relaxes (lengthens

Agonist - muscle that contracts to produce movement (prime mover) e.g. during bicep curl biceps

Antagonist - muscle that relaxes to allow movement to occur e.g. during bicep curl triceps

Reciprocal inhibitation - used to describe the coordinated relaxing of muscles on one side of a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side of joint

• muscles have two attachment points onto skeleton, each attachment is on a different bone across a joint

Origin- the attachment of bone that does not move when the muscle contracts, e.g. origin in bicep curl is scapula

Insertion- attached to the bone which moves more when the muscle contracts e.g. insertion in bicep curl is radius

muscular system and movement types

Flexion- joint angle decreasing

Extension- joint angle increasing

Rotation- A motion that occurs when a part turns on its axis

Circumduction- The circular motion of a limb

Pronation- turning of forearm, so that palm is facing down

Supination- turning of forearm, so that palm is facing up

Abduction- Movement away from the midline of body

Adduction- Movement towards the midline of body

Plantar flexion- movement which increases angle between foot and leg

Dorsi flexion- Movement which decreases angle between fiit and leg

• Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

Excitability- ability to contract in response to signals

Contractibility- ability of a muscle to contract or shorten

Extendibility- ability of muscle to stretch beyond resting length

Elasticity- ability of a muscle to return to original length after being stretched

Circulatory system

Arteries- Carry blood away from the heart, blood (except for pulmonary arteries in heart) is oxygenated

Veins- Carry blood towards heart, blood except for pulmonary arteries are deoxygenated

Capillaries- allow the passing (diffusion) of oxygen to tissues and removal of carbon dioxide

Respiratory system

Inspiration- volume of lungs increases, external intercoastal muscles contract and internal intercoastal muscles relax to lift rib cage and the diaphragm contracts to become flatter, larger volume and area of low pressure, air enters lungs moving from an area of high pressure to low

Expiration- volume of lungs decreases, external intercoastal muscles relax and internal intercoastal muscles contract to lower rib cage and diaphragm relaxes this causes smaller volume and area of high pressure, air exits the lungs from an area of high pressure to low

• nascal cavity + mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli