Grámatico Chp 1

preterite acronym of uses

BOSS

B- beginning/end

O- one-time

S-series/sequences

S- sudden changes

preterite -ar endings

é, aste, ó, amos, aron

preterite -er/ir endings

í, iste, ió, imos, ieron

ser/ir preterite

fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron

hacer preterite

hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron

dar/ver preterite

di, diste, dio, dimos, dieron

vi, viste, vio, vimos, vieron

tener preterite

tuve, tuviste, tuvo, tuvimos, tuvieron

imperfect acronym of uses

DROWA

D- description

R- repeated

O- ongoing

W- weather/age/time

A - actions simultaneously

imperfect -ar endings

aba, abas, aba, ábamos, aban

imperfect -er/ir endings

ía, ías, ía, íamos, ían

ser imperfect

era, eras, era, éramos, eran

ver imperfect

veía, veías, veía, veíamos, veían

ir imperfect

iba, ibas, iba, íbamos, iban

preterite stem of venir

vin

preterite stem of estar

estuv

preterite stem of saber

sup

preterite stem of decir

dij

preterite stem of andar

anduv

preterite stem of poder

pud

preterite stem of caber

cup

preterite stem of poner

pus

preterite stem of traer

traj

preterite stem of haber

hub

preterite stem of querer

quis

preterite stem of venir

vin

endings of irregular preterite stems

e, iste, o, imos, ieron

leer preterite

leí, leíste, leyó, leímos, leyeron

oír preterite

oí, oíste, oyó, oímos, oyeron

verbs with -gar endings preterite

gué

*only change in first person singular, keep other -ar endings

verbs with -car endings preterite

qué

*only change in first person singular, keep other -ar endings

verbs with -zar endings preterite

cé

*only change in first person singular, keep other -ar endings

gerund of verbs of 3rd person conjugation (-ir) who have e as final vowel

e changes to i

keep normal endings

decir gerund

diciendo

mentir gerund

mintiendo

preferir gerund

prefieriendo

dormir gerund

durmiendo

morir gerund

muriendo

poder gerund

pudiendo

gerund of verbs whose stem end in a vowel

ending is -yendo

traer gerund

trayendo

leer gerund

leyendo

oír gerund

oyendo

ir gerund

yendo

present perfect stem of abrir

abierto

present perfect stem of decir

dicho

present perfect stem of escribir

escrito

present perfect stem of hacer

hecho

present perfect stem of poner (put, placed)

puesto

present perfect stem of romper

roto

present perfect stem of ver

visto

present perfect stem of volver (returned)

vuelto

present perfect stem of cubrir (covered)

cubierto

present perfect stem of morir

muerto

present perfect stem of ir

ido

present perfect stem of resolver (resolved)

resuelto

haber conjugation

he, has, ha, hemos, han

por uses acronym

RITEA

R- reason/cause

I- indeterminate space/time period

T - through/by way of

E - exchange

A - agent of an action

“Reasons Involve Traveling, Exchanges, and Agents.”

para uses acronym

RPBD

R- recipient

P - purpose

D - destination

B - before a particular time (deadline)

“Recipients Plan Destinations Before Deadlines.”