Biology Chapter 1

Qualitative data

data not in numbers- observations, colors, shape, behavior, why?

Quantitative data

data in the form of numbers- statistics, graphs, tables, how many/much?

most scientific method=

deductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

big/general idea→small/specific observation

inductive reasoning

small, specific observation→big, general idea

repeat/replicate experiments, together can make conclusions/generalizations

emergent properties

characteristics that arise when smaller components combine to form larger/more complex systems

not unique to life

arranged in a certain way

response to environment

bug landing on venus fly trap

reproduction

human→baby

growth+development

plant seedling

energy processing

cellular respiration, photosynthesis, nectar

regulation

body temp, blood sugar

order

mitochondria, cells, sunflower seeds

evolutionary adaptation

camouflage, tan mice live on beach, brown mice live in forest

atoms

smallest unit of matter that retains property of element-cannot be broken down

cell

basic unit of life

cell-DNA

genetic material

cell-cell membrane

outer layer of cell, enclosing contents

cell-cytoplasm

inside of cell, holds things in place and helps them work together

cell-ribosome

builds proteins by linking amino acids together

eukaryotic cell

contains membrane-enclosed organelles

eukaryotic cell

animal cells, plant cells, fungal cells (yeast)

eukaryotic cell

found in eukarya

prokaryotic cell

lacks nucleus/other membrane-enclosed organelles

prokaryotic cell

E. coli, staphylococcus

prokayotic cell

found in bacteria and archea

biosphere

all life on earth, places life exists

ecosystems

all living things in certain area

what living things interact with that are nonliving

communities

organisms in eecosystem

populations

all individuals of species living in an area

organisms

individual living things

organs

body part

made of multiple tissues

specific function of body

tissues

group of cells work together for a specific function

cells

basic life unit

organelles

functional part of cell

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome

cells

lowest level of organization that can perform all life activities

molecules and atoms

smallest units of matter that retain properties of elements

nucleotide

building block of DNA

forms a chain, folds into protein

DNA

2 strands of nucleotides

gene

sequence of nucleotides, segment of DNA

chromosome

package of DNA and proteins

genome

complete set of DNA

Central Dogma

flow of information in a cell

process of gene expression

from DNA→RNA→protein

transcription

DNA code is read/transcribed w/ RNA, making mRNA molecule

translation

mRNA code read/translated to make protein

protein(definition)

series of linked amino acids, forms chain

protein folding

chain of amino acids folds into specific shape for function (action)

energy flow

one way, linear

transferred or transformed

feedback regulation

output/product of a process to self-regulate

negative feedback

response reduces stimulus

reduces effect of change

reason for regulation

positive feedback

end product speeds up own production

increases effect of change

Descent with Modification

similar but modified versions of ancestors

similarities between organisms→caused by

common ancestor

differences between organisms→caused by

heritable changes

natural selection

differential reproduction

origin of new species

species separated, over time, species may differ genetically

taxonomy

names+classifies species into groups of increasing inclusivity/size

hierarchal classification-domain

most inclusive, largest

Scientific name

Genus species

species

interbreeding population

makes offspring of own kind