AP Psychology Unit 1

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62 Terms

1

empiricism

The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

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2

structuralism

Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

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3

functionalism

Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish.

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4

Experimental psychology

The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

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5

behaviorism

The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science and (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

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6

Humanistic psychology

A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people

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7

Cognitive neuroscience

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, memory and language)

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8

Nature-nurture issue

The long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors

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9

Natural selection

The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will be most likely passed on to succeeding generations.

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10

Levels of analysis

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.

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11

Biopsychosocial approach

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

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12

Biological psychology

The scientific study of the links between biological(genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

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13

Cognitive psychology

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

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14

Evolutionary psychology

The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.

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15

Psychodynamic psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

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16

Social-cultural psychology

The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

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17

Psychology

Science of behavior and mental processes.

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18

Psychometrics

A branch of psychology devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits.

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19

Basic research

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

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20

Developmental Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

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21

Educational Psychology

The study of how psychological processes affect and enhance teaching and learning.

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22

Personality Psychology

The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

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23

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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24

Applied Research

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

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25

Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

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26

Human factors psychology

An I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.

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27

Counseling psychology

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.

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28

Clinical psychology

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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29

Psychiatry

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.

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30

Positive psychology

The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.

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31

Community psychology

A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affects individuals and their groups.

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32

Testing effect

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.

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33

SQ3R

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.

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34

Wilhem Wundt

Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.

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35

G. Stanley Hall

Wundt's American student that went on to establish the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory, at Johns Hopkins University.

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36

William James

Philosopher who believed it was more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.

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37

Mary Whiton Calkins

Participated in James's graduate seminar. The men dropped out when she joined, so she was tutored alone. Completed all the requirements for a Harvard Ph.D while outscoring all the male students on the qualifying exams, but was denied the degree and was offered a degree in stead from Radcliffe college, its undergraduate sister school for women. Calkins resisted the unequal treatment and refused the degree.

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38

Jean Piaget

Swiss biologist; Last century's most influential observer of children.

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39

Charles Darwin

22 year old voyager; argued that natural selection (evolutionary process) shapes behaviors as well as bodies -Evolution became Biology's organizing principle

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40

Dorothea Dix

Reformer who led the way to humane treatment of those with psychological disorders.

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41

Sigmund Freud

Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior. -Influenced humanity's self-understanding

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42

Margaret Floy Washburn

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind

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43

John B. Watson

Worked with Wayner and championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert".

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44

B.F. Skinner

A leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.

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45

Carl Rogers

Together with Maslow, led the humanistic psychologists, found both Freudian psychology and behaviorism too limiting.

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46

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning.

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47

clinical psychology

studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

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48

counseling psychology

assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being

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49

School Psychology

identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning

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50

educational psychology

the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching

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51

Experiential Psychology

They are a diverse group of scientists who investigate a variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and other animals

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52

Psychometric & quantitative psychologist

They study the methods and techniques used to acquire psychological knowledge

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53

Social psychologist

They are interested in our interactions with others

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54

Forensic psychologist

They apply psychology's principles and methods in the criminal justice system

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55

Health psychologist

They are researchers and practitioners concerned with psychology's contribution to promoting health and preventing disease

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56

Neuro-psychologist

They investigate the relationship between neurological processes and behavior

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57

Rehabilitation psychologist

They are researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event

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58

School Psychologist

Diagnose and treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children's learning or overall functioning at school

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59

Sport Psychologist

They study the psychological factors that influence and are influenced by participation in physical activities

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60

Community Psychologist

They deal with broad problems of mental health in community settings

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61

Counseling psychologist

they help people adjust to life transitions or make lifestyle changes

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62

Jean Piaget

A swigs psychologist, cognitive

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