Studied by 9 peopleempiricism
The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
structuralism
Early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind
functionalism
Early school of thought promoted by James and influenced by Darwin; explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish.
Experimental psychology
The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science and (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
Humanistic psychology
A historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
Cognitive neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, memory and language)
Nature-nurture issue
The long standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to development of psychological traits and behaviors
Natural selection
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will be most likely passed on to succeeding generations.
Levels of analysis
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.
Biopsychosocial approach
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Biological psychology
The scientific study of the links between biological(genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.
Cognitive psychology
The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating
Evolutionary psychology
The study of the evolution of behavior and mind, using principles of natural selection.
Psychodynamic psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders
Social-cultural psychology
The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.
Psychology
Science of behavior and mental processes.
Psychometrics
A branch of psychology devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits.
Basic research
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
Developmental Psychology
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.
Educational Psychology
The study of how psychological processes affect and enhance teaching and learning.
Personality Psychology
The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Social Psychology
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
Applied Research
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.
Human factors psychology
An I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use.
Counseling psychology
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
Clinical psychology
A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
Psychiatry
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy.
Positive psychology
The scientific study of human functioning, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
Community psychology
A branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affects individuals and their groups.
Testing effect
Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. Also sometimes referred to as a retrieval practice effect or test-enhanced learning.
SQ3R
A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review.
Wilhem Wundt
Established the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
G. Stanley Hall
Wundt's American student that went on to establish the first formal U.S. psychology laboratory, at Johns Hopkins University.
William James
Philosopher who believed it was more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings.
Mary Whiton Calkins
Participated in James's graduate seminar. The men dropped out when she joined, so she was tutored alone. Completed all the requirements for a Harvard Ph.D while outscoring all the male students on the qualifying exams, but was denied the degree and was offered a degree in stead from Radcliffe college, its undergraduate sister school for women. Calkins resisted the unequal treatment and refused the degree.
Jean Piaget
Swiss biologist; Last century's most influential observer of children.
Charles Darwin
22 year old voyager; argued that natural selection (evolutionary process) shapes behaviors as well as bodies -Evolution became Biology's organizing principle
Dorothea Dix
Reformer who led the way to humane treatment of those with psychological disorders.
Sigmund Freud
Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought processes affect our behavior. -Influenced humanity's self-understanding
Margaret Floy Washburn
The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind
John B. Watson
Worked with Wayner and championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who became famous as "Little Albert".
B.F. Skinner
A leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
Carl Rogers
Together with Maslow, led the humanistic psychologists, found both Freudian psychology and behaviorism too limiting.
Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who pioneered the study of learning.
clinical psychology
studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
counseling psychology
assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being
School Psychology
identify and help students who have problems that interfere with learning
educational psychology
the study of how students learn, the effectiveness of particular teaching techniques, the social psychology of schools, and the psychology of teaching
Experiential Psychology
They are a diverse group of scientists who investigate a variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and other animals
Psychometric & quantitative psychologist
They study the methods and techniques used to acquire psychological knowledge
Social psychologist
They are interested in our interactions with others
Forensic psychologist
They apply psychology's principles and methods in the criminal justice system
Health psychologist
They are researchers and practitioners concerned with psychology's contribution to promoting health and preventing disease
Neuro-psychologist
They investigate the relationship between neurological processes and behavior
Rehabilitation psychologist
They are researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event
School Psychologist
Diagnose and treat cognitive, social, and emotional problems that may negatively influence children's learning or overall functioning at school
Sport Psychologist
They study the psychological factors that influence and are influenced by participation in physical activities
Community Psychologist
They deal with broad problems of mental health in community settings
Counseling psychologist
they help people adjust to life transitions or make lifestyle changes
Jean Piaget
A swigs psychologist, cognitive
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