Chapter 10: Cardiovascular, Immune, Lymphatic Systems and Blood

angi/o

vessel (usually refers to blood vessel)

aort/o

aorta

ateri/o

artery

atri/o

atrium

cardi/o

heart

lymph/o

lymph, lymph tissue

lymphaden/o

lymph node

myel/o

bone marrow

phleb/o, ven/o

vein

plasm/o

plasma

splen/o

spleen

thym/o

thymus

valv/o, valvul/o

valve

ventricul/o

ventricle

ather/o

yellowish, fatty plaque

ech/o

sound

electr/o

electricity, electrical activity

isch/o

deficiency, blockage

therm/o

heat

thromb/o

clot

brady-

slow

-ac

pertaining to

-apheresis

removal

-graph

instrument used to record; record

-penia

abnormal reduction in number

-poiesis

formation

-sclerosis

hardening

angioma

tumor composed of blood vessels

angiostenosis

narrowing of a blood vessel

aortic stenosis

narrowing, pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

atherosclerosis

hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)

bradycardia

condition of a slow heart (rate less than 60 beats per minute)

cardiomegaly

enlargement of the heart

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner (lining) of the heart (particularly heart valves)

ischemia

deficiency of blood (flow)

myocarditis

inflammation of the muscle of the heart

pericarditis

inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart

phlebitis

inflammation of a vein

polyarteritis

inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries

tachycardia

condition of a rapid heart (rate of more than 100 beats per minute)

thrombophlebitis

inflammation of a vein associated with a clot

valvulitis

inflammation of a valve (of the heart)

hematoma

tumor of blood (collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)

multiple myeloma

tumors of the bone marrow

pancytopenia

abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells

thrombosis

abnormal condition of a (blood) clot

thrombus

(blood) clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)

lymhadenitis

inflammation of the lymph nodes

lymphadenopathy

disease of the lymph nodes (characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with an infection or malignancy)

lymphoma

tumor of the lymphatic tissue (malignant)

splenomegaly

enlargement of the spleen

thymoma

tumor of the thymus gland

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

angina pectoris

chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle

arrhythmia

any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern

atrial fibrillation (AFib)

a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria)

cardiac arrest

sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

cardiac tamponade

acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

coarctation of the aorta

congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

congenital heart disease

heart abnormality present at birth

congestive heart failure (CHF)

inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen (heart failure)

coronary artery disease (CAD)

a condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium, denying the myocardial tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function fully

coronary occlusion

obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atheroscleroisis. Coronary occlusion can lead to acute myocardial infarction

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities

hypertensive heart disease (HHD)

disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure

intermittent claudication

pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking; a condition seen in peripheral arterial disease

mitral valve stenosis

a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever

myocardial infarction (MI)

death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply

peripheral arterial disease (PAD)

disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery.

rheumatic heart disease

damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever

varicose veins

distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities

anemia

reduction in the number of red blood cells

embolus

blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation

hemophilia

inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII

leukemia

malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow

sepsis

a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection

Hodgkin disease

malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes

infectious mononucleosis

an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever. The disease affects mostly young people and is usually transmitted by saliva

angioplasty

surgical repair of a blood vessel

atherectomy

excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter)

endarterectomy

excision within the artery (excision of plaque from the arterial wall)

pericardiocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart (pericardium) (used to remove fluid or air, usually to relieve cardiac tamponade)

phlebectomy

excision of a vein

phlebotomy

incision into a vein (to remove blood or to give blood or intravenous fluids) (also called venipuncture)

valvuloplasty

surgical repair of a valve (cardiac or venous)

splenectomy

excision of the spleen

splenopexy

surgical fixation of the spleen

thymectomy

excision of the thymus gland

aneursmectomy

surgical excision of aneurysm

atrial fibrilliation ablation

a procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy

cardiac pacemaker

battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart; used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm, usually one that is too slow, secondary to an abnormal sinus node

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

surgical technique to bring new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries

coronary stent

a supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery; used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy; used to treat an artery occluded by plaque

embolectomy

surgical removal of an embolus or clot, usually with a balloon catheter, inflating the balloon beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the clot with it

femoropopliteal bypass

surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction

implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD)

a device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm.

intracoronary thrombolytic therapy

an injection of a medication either intravenously or intraarterially to dissolve blood clots in the coronary arteries