Social Science Section 1 Academic Decathlon 25-26

WW1

1914-1918

37 million casualties

Spanish Flu

Started March 11, 1918 at military base with 50,000 troops in Manhattan, Kansas (Haskell County)

20 million dead worldwide, 700,000 dead in USA

Woodrow Wilson

1856-1924

President of the United States 1913-1921

Woodrow Wilson & WW1

Believer in US neutrality

1916 Slogan "He Kept Us Out of War"

Joined due to economic ties to Britain, sinking of the Lusitania, and the Zimmerman Telegram

Woodrow Wilson and the Paris Peace Conference

Leader of 1919 Conference

Greeted with "Vive Wilson" and decorations

Meuse-Argonne offensive

Lead to declaration of armistice (Nov. 11 1918)

26,277 US Soldiers "Doughboys" dead

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Point Plan

Self-determination, free seas, free trade, end to secret alliances, and League of Nations

Relayed by radio transmitters (first to address world in real time)

Georges Clemenceau

French Prime Minister 1917-1920

David Lloyd George

British Prime Minister 1916-1922

Treaty of Versailles

June 28, 1919

Germany had sole blame, forfeit colonies, cut military, pay $21 billion in reparations

Not signed by US

Covenant for League of Nations

26 articles to try and promote international cooperation/ peace/ security

Reservationist

Against League of Nations, but would agree to amendments

Lead by Henry Cabot Lodge Massachusetts Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman

39 Senators, 42 amendments

Most strongly opposed Article X, which agreed to protect nations who were attacked in relation to independence

Irreconcilable

Completely against League of Nations

Lead by William E. Borah Idaho Republican Senator

Woodrow Wilson's Western Tour

Started Sept. 3, 1919 in Columbus, Ohio on The Mayflower

9,981 miles over 3 weeks

San Francisco, over 12,000 people

Sam Diego, over 50,000

Last speech in Pueblo, Colorado due to health issues

October 8, 1919 - March 4, 1921

18 month period where Pres. Woodrow Wilson was unable to keep office

Country run mostly by cabinet members

Eventually led to 25th amendment (1967)

Downfall of the League of Nations

Lack of US Membership

Woodrow Wilsons declining health & refusal to compromise

Senate voted against Lodge's 14 amendments 2x (Nov 19, 1919 rejected; March 19, 1920 49-35)

Seattle General Strike

Feb. 1919

Walkout by shipyard works spread into a city-wide strike

Closed schools, transportation, and commerce for 5 days

1919 Labor Strikes

3,600 Strikes

4 million workers

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Largest labor union led by Samuel Gompers

1919 = 500,000 members; 1919 = 4,169,000 members

Called for higher wages, shorter hours, and a right to bargain with employers

International Workers of the World (IWW)

Peaked at 60,000 members

Known as "wobblies"

Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers (AA) strike

Strike in September 1919 in mills from Pennsylvania-Colorado

Collapsed under lack of union resources, state-sponsored violence, and hostile public opinion

Boston Police Strike

Strike by police offers to protest refusal of mayor's recognition of union

Absence of police led to violence and riots

Mass. Gov Calvin Coolidge ordered state guards to end riot, strongly opposed

Calvin Coolidge

Governor of Massachusetts 1919-1921, ended Boston Police Strike

President 1923-1929

United Mine Workers Coal Strike

400,000 coal miners in Pennsylvania, Ohio, W Virginia, Indiana, and Illinois on strike for pay raises, shorter hours, and safer conditions

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General 1919 to 1921

Responsible for crackdown on organized labor and subversive radicalism

Palmer Raids

Nov 1919-Jan 1920

Mass arrest of nearly 2,000 political radicals

Confiscation of propaganda, arrest of 500 people

Dec 21, 1919 at Ellis Island, 49 suspects sent to Soviet Russia

Jan 1920 = 4,000 arrests

Red Scare

Anti-radicalism

Post Bolshevik Revolution and US entry into WW1

Increased gov surveillance, arrests, protests, and deportations

Espionage Act (1917) and Sedition Act (1918)

Restricted speech and protest criticizing government on US involvement in WW1

1919 Domestic Terrorism Bombings

April 28, Seattle Mayor Ole Hanson sent homemade bomb in mail that failed to detonate

April 29, former Georgia Senator Thomas Hardwick sent bomb that injured maid and wife

34 more bombs prevented from reaching targets on May Day(justices, business/banking men, cabinet officials)

Effects of 1919 Domestic Terrorism Bombings

Sent to AG A. Mitchell Palmer, found by Franklin D Roosevelt (Then Secretary of the Navy)

$500,000 by Congress to Justice Department to stop domestic terrorism

General Intelligence Division (GID)

Subsection of BOI created by AG Palmer to continue anti-radical campaign

Amassed 200,000 cards detailing info about suspected individuals, organizations, and publications

Bureau of Investigation (BOI)

Precursor to Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI - 1924)

J. Edgar Hoover

Director of GID / FBI in 1924

Raid on Union of Russian Workers

November 7, 1919

Involved 100s of NYC local police units

"Reds"

IWWs, radical socialists, anarchists, emotionally disturbed

Image distributed in cartoons and newspapers

Schenck v. United States

Charles Schenck (Socialist in Philadelphia) convicted for violating Sedition Act using leaflets that protested the draft

Arrested 1917, tried Jan 1919 and sentenced March 1919 by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. - undermined US defense

"A Clear and Present Danger"

Wartime interpretation of 1st Amendment by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in Schenck v. United States

Debs v. United States

Eugene Debs (Socialist pres. candidate)

9-0 sentencing for 10 years for anti-war speech in Canton, Ohio where he aligned himself with Founding Fathers, abolitionists, and suffragists

Seen to hinder recruitment efforts

Eugene Debs Presidential Campaign

900,000 votes in 1920 election while in jail

Abrams v. United States

Jacob Abrams and co-defendants

7-2 conviction under Sedition Act by distributing leaflets (revolutionary, in Yiddish language) that called for general strike to stop US intervention in Bolshevik Russia - would harm production

Justice Holmes said statements did not concern a combatant nation, said that Bolshevik ideals did not pose "an immediate danger:"

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

1920 arrest of Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti for murder of security guard during armed robbery in Boston

Little concrete evidence, no political motive

Put to death in 1927

Rallying cry for leftist individuals

The Great Migration

1915-1920s, >1million fled Jim Crow laws

Ended 1970s, 6 million total

Demand for WW1 labor provided jobs

Sharecroppers from rural Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana to Midwestern and Coastal cities

Population Effects due to Great Migration

1910-1920

Detroit, grew 611.3%

Cleveland grew 307.8%

Chicago grew 148.2%

New York grew 66.3%

Philadelphia grew 58.9%

Other cities: Milwaukee, Akron, Buffalo, Newark, & Gary

Cultural Effects of Great Migration

Growth of distinct neighborhoods: Bronzeville, Blackbottom, Harlem = Black Mecca

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Jazz

Born in New Orleans, travelled up Mississippi River to Memphis, Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago

Jelly Roll, Morton, King Oliver, Louis Armstrong

Chicago in the 1920s

Center for jazz

Terminus for Illinois Central Railroad, thousands of Great Migration arrivals - The Chicago Defender (African-American Newspaper, 500,000 subscribes, covered violence and discrimination)

Louis Armstrong

Arrived in Chicago in 1922, earned 5x amount from New Orleans in South Side

Joined King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band that defined genre

1923 Hit "Dipper Mouth Blues"

1925 went solo and became distinctive

Jazz as dance music

"Lindy-hop" "Charleston"

NYC Cotton Club & Roseland Ballroom - composer Duke Ellington & Paul Whiteman helped defined jazz

Pianist Count Basie

Gave Kansas City's jazz a swing styele

Harlem Hellfighters 269th Infantry Band

Led by Lt. James Reese Europe

Introduced Jazz to Europe

Josephine Baker

Chorus girl in Broadway musical Shuffle Along, then famous dancer in Paris - banana skirt

Improvement of Jazz

Electrical Recording in 1925

Popularity of Radio

Jazz controversies

Immoral, dangerous

Loose sexual mores, low culture

Vulgar, noisy

African American origins and popularity in speakeasies

The Red Summer

April-November 1919, surge of racial violence

76 recorded lynchings

18 major riots, at least 250 dead

Coined by James Weldon Johnson

Elaine Massacre

Sept 30 1919

African-American cotton farmers in Phillips County, Arkansas, attempted to protest sharecropping system by forming a union at a local church.

1 white man from the mob was killed, 500 federal troops showed up.

200 men, women, and children killed over the next 5 days

Chicago Riot of 1919

July 27, 1919

Police refused to arrest white men who bludgeoned a black man to death on Lake Michigan.

7 days of rioting, 38 dead, 500 injured

James Weldon Johnson

coined "Red Summer"

african american activist and author

Black men during/after WW1

Over 400,000 fought and purchased over $250 mil in liberty bonds

Believed that fighting would lead to social/political gains

Still denied basic civil liberties

Marcus Garvey

Founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Born St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, 1887 to 11 siblings

Printers apprentice -> moved to Harlem in 1916, inspired by Booker T. Washington -> built UNIA

Inspired Malcom X and the "New Negro Movement"

Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

Founded in 1914 by Marcus Garvey to rally Black people to assert political, economic, and cultural independence

"Africa for the Africans"

>1,000 branches in 38 states and 41 countries, 2 million members

UNIA Newspaper The Negro World, sub 50,000-200,000

Liberty Hall, 6,000 seat headquarters

Black Cross Nurses

Women in the UNIA

UNIA Parade in Harlem

Paraded through Harlem with marching band and Black Cross Nurses

Garvey wore clothing that resembled Napoleon to reverse image of black men as subordinate

W. E. B DuBois

Head of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Founded 1909

Surge in membership due to WW1, lowered due to UNIA

Downfall of Marcus Garvey

Drew suspicion of Justice Department

Felony mail fraud charges for aggressive promotion of Black Star Line (bankrupt shipping company)

In federal prison 1923-1927 then deported

Volstead Act

Jan 17, 1920

Congressional act that prohibited manufacture, sale, and transport of beverages with alcohol content above 0.05%

Also 18th Amendment

Eighteenth Amendment

Jan 16, 1919-1933

Prohibited manufacture, sale, and transport of beverages with alcohol content above 0.05%

Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Opposition to alcohol through mothers, wives, and homemakers with Victorian-era gender norms (moral arbiters)

Causes of Prohibition

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Protestant values in South and Midwest (Baptists/Methodists)

1915 had "dry" counties across 18 states

Patriotism (German-American beer halls)

Start of Prohibition

Temporary wartime ban in 1918

Permanent ban pushed by Minnesota Congressman Andrew Volstead

Originally vetoed by Pres. Wilson, overrode by 2/3 majority

Effects of Prohibition

Consumption dropped 30-60% immediately, but people continued to drink

Brought government into daily lives of people

Even after, political candidates stances mattered

Supported 19th Amendment

Loopholes of Prohibition

Homemade liquor in bathtubs

Medical and religious exemptions

Speakeasies with Canadian or Caribbean alcohol (led to gangs)

Enforcing prohibition

Police fought uphill battle with low numbers, poor pay, hostile public opinion, and corruption

1930, 1/3 of 12,00 inmates were in for drinking

End of Prohibition

1927, 30 states had defunded prohibition efforts

Congress refused to make the purchase of alcohol illegal

Nineteenth Amendment

August 18, 1920 - 42 years after first introduction to Congress

Women's suffrage in all 48 states

27th nation to give women full voting rights

Beginning of women's suffrage

1896, Wyoming, voting rights grow at the state level

1919, full voting rights in 20 sates and territories and partial in many more

Jeanette Rankin

First woman in Congress (House of Rep.)

Elected 1916 for Montana

Alice Paul

Leader of the National Women's Party (NWP)

Militant protest style of British suffragists

Led protest in which women chained themselves onto the White House gate, then led a hunger strike in prison, which prompted outrage from brutal treatment, which led Pres. Wilson to endorse suffrage

National Women's Party (NWP)

Led by Alice Paul, civil disobedience in support of 19th Amendment

Protest outside of White House showing hypocrisy of "Kaiser Wilson"

Carrie Chapman Catt

Leader of National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

"Women's Land Army of America"

Supported war effort

Saw NWP as unpatriotic and unladylike

Peaked at 2 million members (1920), then League of Women Voters stood at 100,000 in 1930 (95% decline)

Effects of the 19th Amendment

Did not radically alter politics

1920 Election, 35% of women voted; 1924, 34%

Restrictions on Black voting

Did not diverge from male patterns

No cohesive voting bloc

Warren G. Harding

In office 1921-1923

Inspired by William McKinley and William Howard Taft

Owner of The Marian Daily Star newspaper

Networking and dealmaking

Ohio State Legislature -> U.S. Senate (1916)

Warren G. Harding 1920 Campaign

In 6th place out of 8 - 36,795/1,089,307 votes

Republicans nominated him on ninth ballot as compromise

Unconcerned with policy, ordinary and relatabke

"Return to Normalcy"

Won against James Cox with 60.3% of popular vote and 404/531 of Electoral votes

US end to hostilities with Germany

July 21, 1921

Warren G. Harding on League of Nations

Avoided a firm stance during campaign

In inauguration, fully supported noninvolvement and isolationist policies

Washington Naval Conference

November 1921, Warren G. Harding hosted 9 nations in D.C to prevent naval arms race

5 Power treaty

4 Power Treaty

9 Power Treaty

Charles Evans Hughes

Former Gov. of New York, Supreme Court Justice, Republican Pres. nominee, Pres. Harding's Secretary of State

Led Washington Naval Conference

Five Power Treaty

5:5:3 ratio for US:Britain:Japan

Limitation of capital vessels for 15 years

Four Power Treaty

US, Britain, Japan, France

Respect claims in Pacific

Maintain open communication

Nine Power Treaty

U.S. Open Door Policy in China

Washington Naval Conference Effects

Originally seen as positive

Later seen as foolish for not allowing US to grow Navy (US built 11 ships between 1922-29, Japan built 125)

To blame for Pearl Harbor and Japanese expansion?

Ponzi Scheme

50% return within 45 days, 100% in 90

Resale of international Reply Coupons (IRC)

30-40,000 People invested

$25-25,000 invested each, total $15-20 million

Outed by the Boston Post in July 1920, auditor reviewed books, people withdrew money

Caused bank failures and up to 50,000 people who did not invest to be involved

Charles Ponzi

Italian Immigrant, Boston Financer

International Reply Coupons

Allow people living in different countries to purchase return postage by allowing recipient to redeem a pre-paid money order in another nation's stamp

End of Ponzi

Audited by a bank

October 1920, federal Grand Jury

2 indictments, 86 counts of fraud

Mail fraud, forgery, larceny

3 1/2 years in federal prison, 9 years in MA State prison

Herbert Hoover

Mining Engineer, Secretary of Commerce (by Harding)

Former War Food Administration, modernized commerce, president 1929

Andrew W. Mellon

Appointed Secretary of the Treasury by Pres. Harding

Pittsburg Banking titan, stayed until 1932

Harry Daugherty

Attorney General (Harding)

Leader of Ohio Gang

Rented house on H Street for drinks/ affairs (Had daughter with secretary Nan Britton, 1919)

Resigned 1924 but avoided prison with hung juries 2x