Human Physiology | Vol 1.

Physiology

Study of functions of living things and associated physical and chemical phenomena.

Evolutionary Physiology

Examines the purpose and evolutionary context of physiological processes.

Mechanistic Physiology

Investigates the mechanisms of physiological processes.

Anatomy

Study of the structure of the body.

Interdependency

Physiological mechanisms depend on the shape and arrangement of body parts.

Hinge Joint

A joint at the elbow that facilitates flexion.

Air Sacs

Tiny structures in lungs that maximize gas exchange.

Levels of Organization

Hierarchical structure including chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, and organism levels.

Atoms

Basic units of matter, primarily O, C, H, and N in living organisms.

Molecules

Combinations of atoms, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.

Cells

Smallest unit capable of life processes, performing functions like energy production and waste elimination.

Neurons

Specialized cells that conduct electrical signals.

Kidney Cells

Specialized cells that filter waste.

Muscle Cells

Specialized cells that contract for movement.

Tissue

Combination of similar cells with specialized functions.

Muscle Tissue

Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth types.

Nervous Tissue

Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Connective Tissue

Includes tendons, bone, and other supportive structures.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers body surfaces and cavities, allowing selective material passage.

Organ

Two or more tissue types organized for specific functions, such as the stomach.

Body System

A group of organs performing related functions essential for survival.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment.

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid found inside cells.

Extracellular Fluid

Internal environment of the organism outside cells.

Key Factors in Homeostasis

Nutrient concentration, O2 and CO2 levels, waste product concentration, pH levels, water, salt, and electrolyte concentrations, volume and pressure, temperature.

Medical Relevance of Homeostasis

Abnormal values can indicate disease and potential death.

Body Systems and Homeostasis

Systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.

Nervous System

Provides rapid responses to changes in the environment.

Endocrine System

Regulates bodily functions through hormones.

Respiratory System

Facilitates gas exchange in the body.

Urinary System

Responsible for waste removal and fluid balance.

Immune System

Defends the body against invaders.

Digestive System

Absorbs nutrients from food.

Homeostatic Control

Involves detecting deviations, integrating information, and adjusting body systems to restore normalcy.

Feedback Mechanisms

Most operate via negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.