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Physiology
Study of functions of living things and associated physical and chemical phenomena.
Evolutionary Physiology
Examines the purpose and evolutionary context of physiological processes.
Mechanistic Physiology
Investigates the mechanisms of physiological processes.
Anatomy
Study of the structure of the body.
Interdependency
Physiological mechanisms depend on the shape and arrangement of body parts.
Hinge Joint
A joint at the elbow that facilitates flexion.
Air Sacs
Tiny structures in lungs that maximize gas exchange.
Levels of Organization
Hierarchical structure including chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, body system, and organism levels.
Atoms
Basic units of matter, primarily O, C, H, and N in living organisms.
Molecules
Combinations of atoms, including proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids.
Cells
Smallest unit capable of life processes, performing functions like energy production and waste elimination.
Neurons
Specialized cells that conduct electrical signals.
Kidney Cells
Specialized cells that filter waste.
Muscle Cells
Specialized cells that contract for movement.
Tissue
Combination of similar cells with specialized functions.
Muscle Tissue
Includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth types.
Nervous Tissue
Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Connective Tissue
Includes tendons, bone, and other supportive structures.
Epithelial Tissue
Covers body surfaces and cavities, allowing selective material passage.
Organ
Two or more tissue types organized for specific functions, such as the stomach.
Body System
A group of organs performing related functions essential for survival.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid found inside cells.
Extracellular Fluid
Internal environment of the organism outside cells.
Key Factors in Homeostasis
Nutrient concentration, O2 and CO2 levels, waste product concentration, pH levels, water, salt, and electrolyte concentrations, volume and pressure, temperature.
Medical Relevance of Homeostasis
Abnormal values can indicate disease and potential death.
Body Systems and Homeostasis
Systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment.
Nervous System
Provides rapid responses to changes in the environment.
Endocrine System
Regulates bodily functions through hormones.
Respiratory System
Facilitates gas exchange in the body.
Urinary System
Responsible for waste removal and fluid balance.
Immune System
Defends the body against invaders.
Digestive System
Absorbs nutrients from food.
Homeostatic Control
Involves detecting deviations, integrating information, and adjusting body systems to restore normalcy.
Feedback Mechanisms
Most operate via negative feedback to maintain homeostasis.
Note
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