E2: Ch18 Alterations in cardiac

coronoary heart disease (CHD)

(ischemic heart disease)

narrowed arteries -> decreased blood flow

CHD main cause

atherosclerosis (plaque buildup in arteries)

2 disorders or aortic valve

aortic stenosis

aortic regurgitation

aortic stenosis

formation of calcium deposits on the aortic cusp

aortic regurgitation

faulty aortic valve lets blood leak backward (during relaxation/diastole)

Infective endocarditis

infection of heart's inner lining & valves (via bacteria)

Infective endocarditis process (3)

bacteria enters bloodstream

sticks to surfaces

forms vegeatations (clumps)

Infective endocarditis causes (3)

previous endocarditis

drug use

prosthetic heart valve

3 types of angina pectoris (lack of blood to heart)

vasopastic angina (VSA)

stable angina

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

vasoplastic angina (VSA) (3 [what, when, treatment])

UNPREDICTABLE chest pain (sudden artetery tightening)

occurs AT REST & UNRELATED to activity

responds well to calcium blockers

(aka prinzmetal/variant angina)

stable angina (2)

PREDICTABLE

triggered BY ACTIVITY

acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (3 [what, how, treatment])

combination unstable angina & myocardial infarction

occurs WITHOUT ACTIVITY & is emergent

treat with ECG & biomarkers to open blocked arteries

(most serious, severe, difficult to treat)

unstable angina

chest pain due to lack of O in heart

myocardial infarction

heart attack bc of blocked arteries

3 types of ACS

unstable angina

STEMI

NSTEMI

ST Elevation MI (STEMI)

complete blockage of coronary artery

NSTEMI

partial blockage of coronary artery

STEMI vs NSTEMI on ECG

STEMI will spike up & stay elevated

NSTEMI will spike up & descend to a depression

cardiac tamponade (pericardial disease)

external compression of heart chambers (impaired filling) -> fluid accumulates in pericardial sac & compresses it

cardiac tamponade hallmark

Beck's triad

Beck's triad (3 key features)

hypotension

muffled heart sounds

distended neck veins

pericarditis

inflammation of pericardium

acute pericarditis

sticking & rubbing of parietal cardiac layers (friction rub) -> radiating pain to back, GI, & inflammation

acute vs chronic pericarditis

acute has friction rub while chronic adheres & destroys pericardial sac (constrictive pericarditis is chronic)