SSCI Lesson 6-7

Social Institutions

refer to organized sets of elements such as beliefs, rules, practices, and relationships that exist to attain social order. It also refers to well-established and structured relationships between groups of people that are considered fundamental components of a society's culture.

Institutional approach

tells us that social institutions are ordered sets of rules, norms, beliefs, or values that organize human behavior.

Relational approach

meanwhile, focuses on social relations rather than rules, norms, beliefs, or values.

Family

• is considered a vital social institution.

• It is a vital institution for the continued survival of humanity because it nurtures off springs from childhood into adulthood.

• Is a group of people who are related by blood, marriage, and a shared residence.

Nuclear Families

also known as immediate families, are families that are composed of parents and children.

Extended Families

are those that are composed of the nuclear family and other relatives such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins.

Reconstituted Families

are composed of the spouses and their children from a previous marriage.

Single Parent Families

comprises of a solo parent raising the children. The parent can elther be a father or a mother who provides financial. emotional and other basic support to the chidren.

Grandparent Families

is a type of family structure where grandparents take on the role of parenting and nurturing the children.

Kinship

Is a social structure defined by relations among individuals linked by blood marriage ties. Has been found to have a significant influence in defining the social status of individuals in many societies.

Matrilineal

means that one's descent is based on the female line.

Patrilineal

on the contrary, means that one’s descent is based on the male line.

Bilineal

refers to a descent system based on both the male and female lines.

Monogamous

which means that a spouse cannot have more than one spouse.

Polygamous

which means that a person can have more than one spouse.

Polygyny

that is, a husband could take many wives.

Polyandry

where wife can have many husbands. It was prevalent in India during the ancient times.

Endogamy

compulsory marriage, In their own community, social religious group.

Exogamy

marriage outside of their own group, community or social classes.

Educational Institutions

ensure that individuals are literate. Could be provided by either the state or by private entities. In an ideal situation, basic education is provided for free by the state. Some societies, particularly states that have Improved economies like Germany, offer free tertiary education for its citizens.

Health Institutions

meanwhile, are primarily established to ensure public health and to provide universal health services.

Binat

refers to the occurrence of the symptoms of a disease due to the incomplete healing of a patient. it is usually recommended that patients take time to heal because one could not force healing.

Pasma

meanwhile, refers to trembling hands or fingers. Allegedly, it is by the subjection of the body to warm and cold conditions.

The Economy

is an institution that addresses questions regarding limited sources of society. The economy must addressed some basic questions such as; what should be produced? how are these products going to be produced?

Market Failure

refers to cases when the market becomes inefficient due to imperfect competition, imperfect information, imperfect mobility and the like.

Religion

Is an institution that involves a set of beliefs and practices of a particular social group.

Monotheism

refers to religions that believe in only one god

polytheistic

religions believe in many gods.

Animisim

meanwhile, Is not considered a religion but rather a belief system that holds that both animate and inanimate things have a spiritual essence.

Theocracies

States with governments that are under the power of religious leaders

Politics

• REFERS TO ACTIVITIES THROUGH WHICH PEOPLE MAKE, PRESERVE AND AMEND THE GENERAL RULES UNDER WHICH THEY LIVE.

• IT INVOLVES THE DYNAMICS OF CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND COOPERATION, AS WELL AS THE EXERCISE OF POWER.

Power

• REFERS TO THE ABILITY TO DO SOMETHING IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE A DESIRED OUTCOME.

• HAS THE CAPABILITY TO CONTROL PEOPLE OR MAKE THEM DO SOMETHING

• THAT THEY WOULD NOT DO OTHERWISE.

Authority

• IS A LEGITIMATE POWER.

• HAS THE RIGHT TO EXERCISE POWER.

• MEANS THAT THE PERSON WHO EXERCISE POWER IS OBEYED BY THE PEOPLE BECAUSE HE/SHE IS RECOGNIZED AS THE RIGHTFUL OR LEGITIMATE RULER OR LEADER.

Legitimacy

Originated from the latin word *Legitimare, which means "to declare lawful," and is broadly defined as "rightfulness".

Traditional Authority

In many societies, authority is based on a system that is believed to have "always existed.”

Charismatic Authority

is based on the presumed special and extraordinary characteristics or qualities possessed by a certain individual.

Legal-Rational Authority

The most typical type of authority, in modern societies. Power and authority in a legal-rational context are legitimized by a clearly defined, set of written rules and laws.

Political Organizations

the groups within a culture that are responsible for public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group rights, and ensuring safety from external threats.

Political and Leadership Structure

have evolved as societies progressed over time. From the emergence of simple bands, tribes, and chiefdoms, to the establishment of modern nation-states,

Political Liberation

This refers to the emergence of liberal-democratic regimes that are characterized by a representative form of democracy where political office is gained through formal, competitive elections in many Western societies.

Political Culture

Refers to the pattern of orientation to political objects such as parties, government, and constitution, expressed in beliefs, symbols, and values.

Clientelistic Behavior

has also been observed even in the conduct of democratic elections. For example, in some areas in the Philippines, voters still tend to choose candidates whom they have personal ties with, particularly those who have served as their benefactors, and have provided them yarious forms of assistance such as paying for their medical expense.