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Texas Revolt

A rebellion of colonists from the United States against Mexican rule in Texas, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Texas.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A law that outlined the process for surveying and selling western land.

Checks and Balances

A system that ensures that no branch of government becomes too powerful by providing each branch with the means to limit the powers of the others.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising of farmers in Pennsylvania against a whiskey tax, demonstrating the federal government's ability to enforce its laws.

Revolution of 1800

The election where Thomas Jefferson won over John Adams, marking the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the U.S.

Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa

Brothers who led a Native American confederation against U.S. expansion in the early 1800s.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical movement that emphasized the inherent goodness of people and nature, and the primacy of individual intuition.

Cult of Domesticity

A prevailing value system among the upper and middle classes during the 19th century that emphasized women's roles as homemakers and moral guardians.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the U.S., characterized by bank failures, unemployment, and foreclosures.

McCulloch v. Maryland

A landmark Supreme Court case that confirmed the supremacy of federal laws over state laws.

Force Act

Legislation that allowed the federal government to use military force against states that resisted the enforcement of U.S. laws.

Bank War

The political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and supporters of the Second Bank of the United States.

Martin Van Buren

The 8th President of the United States who served from 1837 to 1841.

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis that led to a severe economic depression in the U.S.

Gabriel Prosser; Denmark Vesey

Leaders of notable slave revolts in the early 19th century.

The Amistad

A famous case involving the illegal slave ship Amistad and the subsequent trial for the Africans who seized it.

Utopian Communities

Intentional communities designed to create a more ideal society, often based on religious or social ideals.

Horace Mann

An educational reformer known for advocating public education and normal schools for teacher training.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer who advocated for the mentally ill and improved conditions in asylums.

John Rolfe

An early Virginia settler credited with the successful cultivation of tobacco.

John Winthrop

The first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, known for his vision of a 'city upon a hill'.

Anne Hutchinson

A Puritan woman who challenged the religious norms of Massachusetts Bay and was banished for her beliefs.

Roger Williams

A religious dissenter who founded Rhode Island and advocated for the separation of church and state.

George Whitefield

An English Anglican cleric known for his role in the Great Awakening in America.

Jonathan Edwards

A preacher who played a key role in the First Great Awakening, known for his fire-and-brimstone sermons.

Nathaniel Bacon

The leader of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, which challenged colonial governance.

Samuel Adams

A Founding Father and prominent figure in early American resistance against British rule.

Crispus Attucks

An African American who was the first casualty of the Boston Massacre, often regarded as a martyr for the American cause.

David Walker

An abolitionist who wrote 'Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World' advocating for slave uprising.

Sherman

General William Tecumseh Sherman, known for his 'March to the Sea' during the Civil War.

Grant

Ulysses S. Grant, the 18th President of the United States and a general during the Civil War.

Marbury v. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

Gibbons v. Ogden

A Supreme Court case that ruled states cannot interfere with the federal government's right to regulate interstate commerce.

Worcester v. Georgia

A Supreme Court case that held that the federal government, not the states, has authority over Native American affairs.

Fletcher v. Peck

A Supreme Court case that established the precedent of judicial review over state laws.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

A case that protected private contracts against state interference.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

A Supreme Court case that denied citizenship to slaves and invalidated the Missouri Compromise.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

A case where the Supreme Court recognized that Native American tribes have some sovereignty.

Polk’s 4 Point Plan

James K. Polk's plan that included reducing tariffs, reestablishing an independent treasury, acquiring California, and settling the Oregon boundary dispute.

Republican Party

A political party founded in the 1850s, primarily opposing the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Stephen A. Douglas

A prominent U.S. politician known for the Kansas-Nebraska Act and debates with Abraham Lincoln.

Know-Nothing Party

A political party in the 1850s that opposed immigration and Catholic influence.

Caning of Sumner

An incident in which Senator Charles Sumner was attacked on the Senate floor, symbolizing the extreme divisions over slavery.

Contraband

Slaves who escaped to Union lines during the Civil War, considered confiscated property.

King Cotton Diplomacy

The Confederate strategy of leveraging cotton exports to gain support from European countries during the Civil War.

Sherman’s March

General Sherman's march through the South aimed at destroying Confederate infrastructure and morale.

Wade-Davis Bill

A proposal for Reconstruction that required a majority of white males in a southern state to take a loyalty oath.

Ten-Percent Plan for Reconstruction

Abraham Lincoln's plan that allowed a southern state to rejoin the Union when 10% of its voters swore allegiance to the Union.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South after the Civil War restricting the rights of freed slaves.

Carpetbaggers; Scalawags

Terms used to describe northern opportunists moving South during Reconstruction (carpetbaggers) and southern whites who collaborated with them (scalawags).

Enforcement Acts

Laws aimed at protecting the rights of African Americans and suppressing the Ku Klux Klan.

Bargain of 1877 (Compromise of 1877)

An unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 election and resulted in the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the strongest societies survive in a competitive environment, often used to justify imperialism.

Knights of Labor; American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Early labor organizations that sought to improve workers' rights and conditions.

Wounded Knee Massacre

The 1890 killing of Lakota Sioux by U.S. troops, marking the end of the Indian Wars.

Sage Hill Massacre

A lesser-known incident of violence against Native Americans in the U.S.

Credit Mobilier

A scandal involving the Union Pacific Railroad and corrupt practices, influencing Congress in the 1860s.

Tobacco, John Rolfe

John Rolfe was instrumental in the cultivation and export of tobacco, leading to economic viability in Virginia.

Massachusetts Bay Company

A joint-stock company chartered to establish a settlement in New England.

Jonathan Edwards

Prominent preacher known for his involvement in the Great Awakening, emphasizing personal faith and eastern revivalism.

Crispus Attucks

The first American casualty in the Boston Massacre and an early martyr for the revolutionary cause.