Last minute patho reviewer

Hypertension

Chronic elevation in systemic vascular resistance and/or cardiac output leading to endothelial damage and organ damage.

Primary Hypertension Etiology

Causes include genetics, obesity, high sodium intake, stress, and increasing age.

Secondary Hypertension Etiology

Causes relate to renal disease, endocrine disorders like Cushing's, and medications.

Clinical Manifestations of Hypertension

Often asymptomatic; may present with headaches, vision changes, dizziness, epistaxis, and signs of end-organ damage.

Myocardial Infarction Pathophysiology

Plaque rupture leads to thrombus formation, occlusion of coronary arteries, ischemia, and tissue necrosis.

Clinical Manifestations of Myocardial Infarction

Chest pain radiating to the arm or jaw, diaphoresis, nausea, shortness of breath, and elevated troponin.

Angina Pathophysiology

Myocardial ischemia occurs without cell death.

Clinical Manifestations of Angina

Chest pressure relieved by rest or nitroglycerin, predictable in stable angina.

Dysrhythmias Pathophysiology

Electrical conduction abnormalities that impact cardiac output.

Clinical Manifestations of Dysrhythmias

Palpitations, dizziness, hypotension, syncope, and an irregular pulse.

Left Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations

Signs include pulmonary edema, crackles, shortness of breath, orthopnea, and pink frothy sputum.

Right Heart Failure Clinical Manifestations

Signs include peripheral edema, jugular vein distension, hepatomegaly, and ascites.

Thrombus Pathophysiology

Clot formation due to endothelial injury, stasis, and hypercoagulability.

Clinical Manifestations of Thrombus

Swelling, warmth, pain, redness; risk of embolization leading to pulmonary embolism or stroke.

Coronary Heart Disease Pathophysiology

Atherosclerotic plaque narrows arteries, impairing perfusion.

Clinical Manifestations of Coronary Heart Disease

Angina, shortness of breath, fatigue, and myocardial infarction.

Perfusion Pathophysiology

Impaired blood flow leading to cellular hypoxia.

Clinical Manifestations of Impaired Perfusion

Cool skin, capillary refill >3 seconds, weak pulses, pallor or cyanosis, altered mentation.

Shock Pathophysiology

Decreased tissue perfusion leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acidosis, and organ failure.

Etiology of Hypovolemic Shock

Caused by bleeding or dehydration.

Etiology of Cardiogenic Shock

Caused by myocardial infarction or heart failure.

Meningitis Pathophysiology

Inflammation of the meninges leading to increased intracranial pressure and neuronal damage.

Clinical Manifestations of Meningitis

Nuchal rigidity, photophobia, fever, headache, and petechial rash.

Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology

Autoimmune demyelination of the central nervous system resulting in impaired nerve conduction.

Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis

Symptoms include weakness, paresthesia, vision loss, ataxia, and fatigue.

Stroke Pathophysiology

Ischemic or hemorrhagic interruption of cerebral blood flow resulting in infarction.

Clinical Manifestations of Stroke

FAST: facial droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty; may include sudden severe headache.

Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology

Characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles leading to neuronal death.

Clinical Manifestations of Alzheimer's Disease

Memory loss, confusion, personality changes, and total dependence.

Diabetes Mellitus Pathophysiology

Insulin deficiency or resistance leading to hyperglycemia.

Clinical Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, and blurred vision.

Hypothyroidism Symptoms

Symptoms include weight gain, cold intolerance, and bradycardia.

Anaphylactic Shock Pathophysiology

IgE hypersensitivity causing massive vasodilation and bronchoconstriction.

Clinical Manifestations of Anaphylactic Shock

Rapid onset of respiratory distress, hypotension, and skin rash.

Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology

Mutation of CFTR gene leads to thick mucus production resulting in chronic infections.

Clinical Manifestations of Cystic Fibrosis

Chronic cough, greasy stools, salty skin, and recurrent pneumonia.

Pulmonary Embolism Pathophysiology

Thrombus blocks pulmonary artery, leading to impaired oxygenation.

Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Embolism

Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, and anxiety.

Tuberculosis Pathophysiology

Mycobacterium tuberculosis creates granulomas in the lungs.

Clinical Manifestations of Tuberculosis

Night sweats, chronic cough, weight loss, and hemoptysis.

Leukemia Definition

Cancer of white blood cells resulting in bone marrow failure.

Clinical Manifestations of Leukemia

Symptoms include anemia, infections, bleeding, and fatigue.

Sickle Cell Anemia Pathophysiology

Genetic disorder causing red blood cell sickling and vaso-occlusion.

Clinical Manifestations of Sickle Cell Anemia

Pain crises, jaundice, swelling, and anemia.