Lecture Notes on Cell Metabolism and Digestion

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell metabolism and digestion from Chapter 3.

What is the function of the mitochondria in the cell?

The mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, producing energy through cellular respiration.

What is the cell membrane made up of?

The cell membrane is primarily made up of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.

What is contained in the cell nucleus?

The cell nucleus contains genetic material, including DNA and RNA.

What does anabolic mean?

Anabolic refers to the process of building up complex molecules from simpler ones.

What does catabolic mean?

Catabolic refers to the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones.

What is metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism.

Where are sugars and amino acids absorbed after digestion?

Sugars and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream.

What system first absorbs fats before going to the liver?

Fats are first absorbed by the lymphatic system before going to the liver.

What is the function of insulin?

Insulin helps regulate blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells.

What does glucagon do?

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to release stored glucose.

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the body.

What protects the stomach from being damaged by acidic digestive juices?

The stomach lining is protected by mucus.

What is mechanical digestion?

Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces.

What is chemical digestion?

Chemical digestion is the breakdown of food into simpler molecules through enzymatic action.

Where in the digestive tract does the majority of digestion occur?

The majority of digestion occurs in the small intestine.

Where are villi and microvilli located?

Villi and microvilli are located in the lining of the small intestine.

What is the function of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

Villi and microvilli increase the absorptive area of the small intestine.

What are 'accessory organs' important to digestion?

Accessory organs include the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.

How can you reduce the risk of diverticula?

By eating more fiber and drinking more water.

What happens if a person with celiac disease consumes gluten?

They may experience damage to the intestinal lining, leading to malabsorption and other symptoms.

What are complex carbohydrates?

Complex carbohydrates, also known as polysaccharides, are made up of long chains of sugar molecules.

What are the disaccharides?

Disaccharides include sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

What are monosaccharides?

Monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose.

What is soluble fiber?

Soluble fiber dissolves in water to form a gel-like substance.

What does insoluble fiber do?

Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and helps add bulk to stool.

What is Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)?

ADI is the maximum amount of a substance that can be consumed daily over a lifetime without an appreciable risk to health.

What alternative sweetener must individuals with PKU avoid?

Individuals with PKU must avoid aspartame.