Literature interaction design

What is the role of technologists?

Tools have generated a lot of good, but their power requires a deep sense of responsibility and a commitment to making the most ethically responsible decisions possible, every day.

What issues has Facebook faced?

Election interference, privacy, social media’s effect on well-being, content policy, among others.

What happens during a natural disaster?

Lives are at stake. An international disaster response organization asking Facebook to provide information about people in the affected area: their location and their movements.

What are the multiple motivations that drive decisions about what, how, and why we build?

Innovation, profit, and making a positive contribution to society.

What makes Facebook’s current situation materially different than challenges of the past?

The sheer number of people using products and the speed at which changes are happening.

What does the X-Axis represent in the Four Quadrants of Design Responsibility?

Pixel, product, and ecosystem.

What does the Y-Axis represent in the Four Quadrants of Design Responsibility?

Individual human and all of society.

What is the heart of ethically responsible design?

Designing for all four quadrants, thinking expansively about the impact of our inventions on people and society.

Why is the hand carved fish hook sophisticated?

It was designed to only catch halibut of a certain size. It left the small fish for future seasons, and it avoided the larger fish that were too big to haul into the canoe.

What do designers need to do?

Spend more time planning for misuse cases; that is, when people take tools that are meant to do good and do bad things with them.

What is an example of misuse cases?

Online abuse, for example, some Indian women wanted to upload profile photos but did not feel safe doing so.

When is outside expertise needed?

When operating at the scale of billions and engaging in those complex systemic and societal quadrants, confer with external experts who will give a fresh, valuable critique of our work and a perspective beyond Silicon Valley.

Why use Artificial Intelligence?

To help identify suicidal ideation on Facebook Live and connect people to resources to get the help they need in real time.

What should we focus on instead of solely on measuring success?

Focus on assessing success, because not everything important can be measured.

What is Facebook revising their approach to measuring success and changing one of their core metrics from?

From time spent to Meaningful Social Interactions, prioritizing the kinds of interactions that create the fabric that is our social graph; people talking to each other and sharing with each other about the things that matter most to them.

What does ethically responsible design require?

Ethically responsible design requires us to look broader and more deeply than just spreadsheets.

How do we design for all four quadrants?

Design just as much to combat misuse cases as we design for use cases; seek outside expertise to handle complex systems and societal effects; and be very deliberate and nuanced in how we assess success.

What must we remember?

All of us, as designers, as businesses, as an industry, we all have a broad responsibility to ensure that technology is built and deployed in service of humanity and not the other way around.

What is the implication not to design?

A reflective awareness for situations in which computational technologies may be inappropriate or potentially harmful.

What are three questions to ask during technology design and implementation to determine appropriateness?

Is there an equally viable low-tech or no-tech approach? Might deploying the technology result in more harm? Does the technology solve a computationally tractable problem rather than address an actual situation?

What are examples where low-tech solutions may be more appropriate than high-tech?

Using temperature sensors to map warm and cool parts of a garden or connecting producers to consumers via technology.

What is a potential harm of using mobile phone applications to promote sustainable behaviors?

That the proliferation of mobile phones and computing devices is itself environmentally problematic due to toxic materials and resource consumption.

What are some examples of computational transformations of environmental problems?

Modeling biodiversity, carbon calculators.

What are some implications for the practical conduct of HCI work?

Value the implication not to design, explicate unpursued avenues, technological extravention, more than negative results, and don't stop building.

What is a shift in focus that the three questions posed here encourage?

From focusing on solutions to focusing on the problem space.

What are the advantages of framing design as an intervention in a complex situation?

It highlights that no single, simple solution will enable us to live sustainably and encourages attending to the complex ways technological interventions reconfigure the situations into which they are introduced.

What should researchers consider when presenting design implications?

Areas where computing technology might seem applicable, but where results suggest it may be inappropriate.

What is technological extravention?

Exploring the results of removing a technology from a system.

What does Donald Schön call the important resources in design?

Previous design cases and examples, conceptualized as the designer's repertoire.

What is introduced for approaching and gathering design examples?

A tool for constructing and analyzing the design spaces that collections of design examples form.

In deconstructing each design example, what is it broken down into?

Aspects of concern and options for how these aspects can be implemented.

What does the representation within a design space schema comprising aspect-option sets make it possible to conceptualize?

A design space of aspect-option sets reflecting the focal collection, with individual examples positioned within.

What knowledge building process does the study enable with the two main elements?

Developing a language to describe the examples in terms of the aspect-option sets, and exploring the design space through filtering the design space.

What does the study investigate regarding a collection of prior design examples?

A systematic way of representing and analyzing a given collection of design examples.

What did Michael Biskjaer, Peter Dalsgaard, and Kim Halskov describe in their work that the study builds on?

A design space using a schema based on sets of aspects and associated options, which may be applied to identify the location of a single instance in a design space.

What does the study make it possible for designers and design researchers to do?

Gain deeper insight into the design choices the selected examples reflect by operationalizing a design space of prior examples.

What does the study suggest as a way of generating knowledge for the early stages of other design methods?

A means of extracting and representing knowledge about collections of existing design examples and generating input for other design methods.

What does the study contribute to the academy?

Deconstructing collections of design examples, and then constructing, analyzing, and operationalizing a design space relative to the collection.

For the inquiry, what does the term design space utilize?

The term connotes a metaphorical space of possible or actual design ideas.

What do Wolker Wulf and his colleagues present?

A framework enabling design cases to be compared across three phases of a design research project.

What are powerful tools for communicating design knowledge and theory?

Annotated portfolios and design patterns.

Making reference to examples from earlier design cases, and the implicit repertoire of knowledge they carry, is also what?

A well-established strategy for enhancing creativity that features in a range of methods including inspiration card workshops and other similar card-based methods.

What can design space schema enable designers to visualize?

The location of a single instance in a design space.

What can design space schema highlight?

How design choices introduce creativity constraints.

What can design space schema enable designers to visualize and highlight?

snapshots of the design space at particular points in time and highlight how design choices introduce creativity constraints.

What role does merit functions play in computer aided parametric design engineering?

mapping a design space onto a set of real numbers, which are ordered in accordance with a preference rule.

Design can be understood as what?

Traversing this network in search of opportunities to insert new alternatives.

Lim, Stolterman, and Tenenberg argue that what is being achieved by prototyping?

prototypes are built as filters, which are used to traverse the design space and manifest specific design ideas.

systematic investigation into the design space of textual information visualization result in what?

increases the robustness of design space definition and evaluation.

How did systematic investigations improve the robustness of the design space definition and evaluation?

tabulating attributes and options according to instantiation.

What is the definition of a design space schema to represent the design space?

A table-like representation of aspects of interest to designers or design researchers for use in constructing a schema, including the various options that may instantiate each aspect.

What are the 3 main stages to construct design space of examples?

Selecting the example cases and framing the inquiry, selecting aspects of interest and associating options, and posing questions to help identify location.

Why may you wish to conceptualize a design space?

conceptualize a design space to better understand a particular field of interaction design, or the design choices related to a specific technology, or characterize the aspects of a specific designer’s practice, or that of a design studio

In prior research, what has design space schema been used for?

design space schema are used to provide an overview of various concerns relative to collaborative design projects, offer insight into how designers and researchers map and manipulate design constraints, support reflection on design choices, and to investigate the dynamics of particular domains, such as game jams.

Which aspects of interest will make up the columns in a design space schema?

Depends on the situation, but depends of prior research and experience. Designers' and design researchers' experiences.

What area does media architecture focus on?

Media architecture focuses on the integration of digital technologies and displays into the built environment

Where are examples of media architecture found?

examples found in art, advertising, news, public service, and gaming.

What metadata became the initial aspect-option sets for the design space schema?

The MAB award categorization for each installation, the year the installation was built or first exhibited and the year it was nominated, and the installation’s geographical location.

How should design space analysis be treated?

Iterative process that considers each example design case in turn.

What are the dimension of the design known as Spine?

Spine, a design case that we took up later in our analysis is made up of 20×1m³ cubes, suspended from the ceiling of a disused factory building, forming a “spine” 50 meters in length.

When designers analyze a collection and construct a design space, what does it help them do?

Identifying commonalities and exploring differences in the ways designers respond to similar questions.

By interrogating these design spaces, what can designers identify?

Identify relationships among the outcomes of a large number of individual design decisions, and uncover opportunities for innovation by considering why certain combinations of aspect-options sets may have been discounted or ignored

The design space schema and aspect-option notation offer what?

Offer a constrained yet flexible framework for analysis that is free of pre-defined categories or hierarchies.

What does experimenting new choices and iteratively testing how useful aspect-option sets are in describing a collection of design examples help us do?

The practice helps people develop the language to discuss a particular design space, and the insight gained supports generative design activity and analytical design research.

In media architecture's constraint and possibilities, what's invisble pixel is?

Invisible refers to pixels with a shape and/or size that cannot be individuated by the naked eye; the kind of pixel familiar from laptops and mobile devices.

Our approach introduces what fundamental creativity mechanism?

Combining two concepts produces a new concept, or a novel idea.

What does an awareness about design aspects could open?

An awareness that there are no cases where a Dynamic pixel pattern is combined with Mobile Phones for User Interaction, or where a 3-Dimensional pixel pattern is used to display Text content, also opens a new design space of innovative exploration.

Insights

New knowledge generated by HCI research can be categorized into certain contribution types.

Contribution Judgement

Each contribution type has key characteristics that imply how it is judged.

CHI Conference Contribution Types

The contribution types used for submissions to the CHI conference have evolved over time to distill types of knowledge from other concerns.

Empirical Research Contributions

Provide new knowledge through findings based on observation and data-gathering.

Evaluation of Empirical Research Contributions

Evaluated mainly on the importance of their findings and on the soundness of their methods.

Artifact Contributions

Arise from generative design-driven activities (invention).

Examples of Artifact Contributions

Include new systems, architectures, tools, toolkits, techniques, sketches, mockups, and envisionments.

Evaluation of Artifact Research Contributions

Evaluated according to the type of artifact that gave rise to them.

Methodological Research Contributions

Create new knowledge that informs how we carry out our work, improving research or practice.

Evaluation of Methodological Research Contributions

Evaluated on the utility, reproducibility, reliability, and validity of the new method or method enhancement.

Theoretical Contributions

Consist of new or improved concepts, definitions, models, principles, or frameworks.

Purpose of Theoretical Contributions

Inform what we do, why we do it, and what we expect from it.

Evaluation of Theoretical Research Contributions

Evaluated based on their novelty, soundness, and power to describe, predict, and explain.

Dataset Contributions

Provides a new and useful corpus, often accompanied by an analysis of its characteristics, for the benefit of the research community.

Evaluation of Dataset Contributions

Judged favorably by the extent to which they supply the research community with a useful and representative corpus against which to test and measure.

Opinion Contributions

Seek to change the minds of readers through persuasion, compelling reflection, discussion, and debate.

Evaluation of Opinion Contributions

Evaluated on the strength of their argument, using supporting evidence and fairly considering opposing perspectives.

Survey Contributions

Review and synthesize work done on a research topic with the goal of exposing trends and gaps.

Evaluation of Survey Contributions

Evaluated based on how well they organize what is currently known about a topic and reveal opportunities for further research.

Knowledge Contribution

A central feature of any research paper striving to make a research contribution by offering new knowledge.

Engagement

A major theme of research within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and related fields that poses challenges for researchers and designers.

Engagement (Sidner et al.'s definition)

The process by which two (or more) participants establish, maintain and end their perceived connection, including initial contact, negotiating a collaboration, checking that others are still taking part, evaluating whether to stay involved, and deciding when to end the connection.

Engagement (Quesenbury's definition)

The degree to which the tone and style of the interface makes the product pleasant or satisfying to use.

Engagement (O'Brien and Toms' definition)

A quality of user experiences with technology that is characterized by challenge, aesthetic and sensory appeal, feedback, novelty, interactivity, perceived control and time, awareness, motivation, interest, and affect.

Student engagement (Zyngier's definition)

A mix of behavioral (persistence and participation), emotional (interest, value and valence), and cognitive (motivation, effort and strategy) components.

Pleasures of Immersion

When one is completely absorbed within the ebb and flow of a familiar narrative schema.

Pleasures of Engagement

Comes from our ability to recognize a work’s overturning or conjoining conflicting schemas from a perspective outside the text, our perspective removed from any single schema.

Engagement (Dobrian et al.'s definition)

A reflection of user involvement and interaction.

Engagement (Jaimes et al.'s definition in social media)

The phenomena of being captivated and motivated; can be measured in terms of a single interactive session or a more long-term relationship with the social platform across multiple interactions.

Engagement (Laurel's definition)

The (emotional) state of mind the user must attain to enjoy the representation, that is, a willing suspension of disbelief.

Narrative Engagement

Narrative understanding, attentional focus, emotional engagement, and narrative presence.

Micro Theories of Engagement

Frameworks that focus primarily on engagement and tend to construe engagement in terms of the nature and distribution of conscious focus.

Macro Theories of Engagement

Frameworks that tend to support higher-level analysis, reflecting aggregate, socio-structural, and temporal factors.