Term coined by former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in a March 1946 speech in Fulton, Missouri; Churchill forcefully proclaimed that the Soviet Union was establishing an "iron curtain" between the free countries of Western Europe and the Communistcontrolled countries of Eastern Europe
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Containment Policy
Policy devised by American diplomat George F. Kennan; Kennan believed that the United States needed to implement longterm military, economic, and diplomatic strategies in order to "contain" the spread of communism
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Truman Doctrine
Articulated in 1947, this policy stated that the United States would support any democratic nation that resisted communism
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Marshall Plan
American plan that spent $12 billion for the rebuilding of Western Europe after World War II; the plan helped produce an economic revival and helped stave off the growth of Communist influence
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Berlin Airlift
American effort that flew in supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union and the East German governments blocked the roads to that city beginning in June 1948; American airplanes flew in supplies for 15 months, causing the Soviet Union to call off the blockade
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
A military alliance between the United States and Western European countries that was formed in April 1949
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Warsaw Pact
military pact formed in 1955 between the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite countries
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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
In 1947 this committee began to investigate the entertainment industry for Communist influences
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Blacklist
List created by HUAC and various private agencies indicating individuals in the entertainment industry who might be Communists or who might have been influenced by Communists in the past; many individuals named in the blacklist could not find work in the industry until the 1960s
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McCarthyism
Term used to describe the accusations by Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy and his supporters in the early 1950s that certain people in government, academia, and the arts were secret Communists
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Domino theory
Theory that if one country in a region fell under Communist rule, then other countries in the region would follow; this theory would be used to justify American involvement in Vietnam
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Sputnik
First artificial satellite, launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union; the fact that the Soviets launched a satellite before the United States shocked many in the American scientific community
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1945
Yalta Conference
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1946
Winston Churchill gives "iron curtain" speech
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1947
HUAC begins probe into movie industry
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1948
Berlin Airlift
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1949
NATO established
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1950
Joseph McCarthy gives speech on Communists in the State Department
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1952
Dwight Eisenhower elected president
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1953
CIA orchestrates return of Shah of Iran to power
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1954
Army-McCarthy hearings Government in Guatemala overthrown French defeated at Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference
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1955
Creation of the Warsaw Pact
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1956
Hungarian Revolt suppressed by Soviet Union
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1957
Sputnik launched by Soviet Union
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1959
Castro comes to power in Cuba; United States halts trade with Cuba
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1960
U-2 incident
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1945
Harry Truman becomes president
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1945
Potsdam Conference
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1946
Article by George Kennan on containment
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1947
President Truman articulates Truman Doctrine
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1947
Introduction of Federal Employee Loyalty program
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1948
Implementation of Marshall Plan
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1948
Creation of nation of Israel
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1948
Alger Hiss implicated as a Communist
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1949
Soviet Union successfully tests atomic bomb
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1949
Mainland China turns Communist
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1950
Alger Hiss convicted of perjury
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1950
McCarran Internal Security Act enacted
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1950
Beginning of Korean War
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1953
Death of Joseph Stalin
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1953
Execution of the Rosenbergs
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1956
Suez crisis
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1960
John Kennedy elected president
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**totalitarian tyranny**
The US, UK, and USSR defeated Nazi Germany in World War II, but US-UK ties were far tighter than those with the USSR. The US and UK were democratic, but the USSR was a ___________.
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**soft on communism**
American business relied on defense. Politicians needed to show they were not "_____________."
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Joseph Stalin
After World War II, Soviet leader _________ promised democratic elections in Poland, but he meant to convert Eastern European nations his soldiers had seized into a circle of Communist satellite republics barring Western invasion routes.
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**Clement Atlee**
After Winston Churchill's election, **___________** represented Britain. The Nazi leadership was tried for war crimes. Nuremberg was the most renowned trial.
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long cable
In a 1946 "____________" from the U.S. embassy in Moscow and an anonymous essay in Foreign Affairs magazine in July 1947, Kennan contended that Marxist-Leninist doctrine and historic Russian fear drove the Soviet leadership to attack the West and increase its power.
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Truman Doctrine
In March, the president declared the ___________, which pledged US assistance for any nation endangered by Communist assault or subversion.
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Marshall Plan
In June, Congress approved and financed the ________ in 1948 after Secretary of State George Marshall presented it in June 1947.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
The US, Canada, and 10 western European nations formed the _________ to counter the feared Soviet threat.
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West Berlin
A possible escape route for Easterners escaping Communism in the Soviet occupation zone, already irritated Stalin.
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Warsaw Pact
In 1955, the Soviet Union formed this Pact.
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Peking
On October 1, 1949, Communist armies took _________ and declared the People's Republic of China.
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Formosa
Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists fled to __________ (now Taiwan).
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**British coup of Mossadeq**
The US originally opposed the **_____________**. Mossadeq had exhausted Americans by 1953, when Eisenhower came president.
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Shah
The ______ ruled repressively until 1979. Iranians identified the US with the _, and the 1979 seizure of the US embassy was partly driven by 1953 resentments.
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**1940 Smith Act**
Some American Communist Party leaders were prosecuted under the **___________** by Truman. Organizations that sought violent subversion of the US government were banned under the Act.
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House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)
The __________ was founded in the 1930s to investigate Nazi infiltration into the US.
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**Hollywood Ten**
The **_____________** were Communist-affiliated writers and filmmakers. They didn't answer HUAC queries. For contempt of Congress, they received one-year imprisonment.
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blacklist
To show their patriotism, major movie studio executives created a _________ of politically suspicious actors, writers, and directors.
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fronts
Using pseudonyms or "___________," several banned authors continued to write. Broadway actors faced a similar blacklist.
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McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950
The ______________ forced all Communist or Communist-front groups to register with the government and barred members from working in national defense positions.
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influx of communism
To avoid a "___________" entering the US, the McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 limited Asian and Eastern European immigrants.
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Alger Hiss
A former State Department employee and Franklin Roosevelt's Yalta Conference adviser, was probed by HUAC in 1948.
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McCarthyism
In the Second Red Scare, _________ became the phrase for accusing persons of Communism.
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John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State _______________ was the administration's foreign policy spokesperson. Secretary Dulles said that the US must "make communism withdraw" and move beyond containment.
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John Foster Dulles
Secretary of State _______________ was the administration's foreign policy spokesperson. Secretary Dulles said that the US must "make communism withdraw" and move beyond containment.
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massive vengeance
If a Communist force invaded the free world, Dulles threatened "__________."
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Nikita Khrushchev
____________, the new Soviet leader, spoke of "peaceful cohabitation" with the US. In 1956, he repressed the Hungarian uprising against Soviet rule.
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Ho Chi Minh
________'s nationalist insurgency in Vietnam has been fought by France since 1946.
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Dien Bien Phu
The French lost in ____________in 1954. As Dien Bien Phu worsened, the French begged the US to intervene with military force, including atomic bombs.
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Geneva Accords
The ___________ concluded the Indochina War by dividing Vietnam into North Vietnam under Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam under anti-Communist Vietnamese.
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**Colonel Gamal Abdul Nasser**
**_________________**, the Egyptian commander building the Aswan Dam, received US support. He wants to buy plenty of American weapons.
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Eisenhower Doctrine
In January 1957, the president issued the _________, which pledged military aid to any Middle Eastern nation endangered by Communism.
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Lebanon
The Eisenhower Doctrine was executed in July 1958 when American soldiers were dispatched to ________ to support the pro-Western government.
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**Rio Pact**
Most Western Hemisphere states joined the **_________**, a collective security accord, in 1947. The US policed the hemisphere when it feared Soviet supporters threatened American interests.
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United Fruit Company
In 1954, President Eisenhower ordered a CIA coup to depose a Guatemalan president who had taken ________________ territory.
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**Fidel Castro**
In 1959, Cuban tyrant Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by **___________**. He established a dictatorship and declared his aim to start a Communist revolution in Cuba.
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**hydrogen bombs**
In the 1950s, the US and USSR greatly expanded their nuclear arsenals. By August 1953, both had detonated ___________, several times more powerful than atomic bombs.
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missile gap
The US worried that the Soviets were acquiring a missile advantage, creating a "______________."
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Sputnik
In 1957, Americans were astonished to discover that the Soviet Union had launched the ___________ satellite. American watchers saw Sputnik circling Earth.
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National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
To "keep up" with the Soviets, American schools emphasized math and science. ______________ was founded in 1958 by President Eisenhower to further the American space program.
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**Francis Gary Powers**
Initially, the Americans claimed that a NASA test jet in Turkey had gone missing, not an American plane spying over the Soviet Union. ____________, the pilot, was released by the Soviets.
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U-2 espionage
The Soviets shot down an American __________ aircraft in May 1960, embarrassing the U.S.
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U-2 spy operation
With the American cover narrative shattered, President Eisenhower claimed full responsibility for the ________________.
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U-2 incident
The Paris peace meeting between Eisenhower and Khrushchev failed due to the ____________.
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