QUIZ1 Statistics.

STATISTICS

is a branch of mathematics that deals

with the collection, organization or presentation,

analysis and interpretation of data to make effective

decisions

Descriptive Statistics

composed of methods concerning collection, presentation and description of a set of data.

Inferential Statistics

composed of methods concerned with the analysis of a smaller group of data (sample) leading to predictions or drawing conclusions about a larger set of data (population) from which the sample is drawn.

Population

refers to the totality of the observations

(humans or otherwise) with which we are concerned.

Sample

is a small part of a population or a subgroup

of a population.

Data

are facts or a set of information or observations

under consideration, gathered by a researcher from a

population or from a sample.

Qualitative data

are data which can assume values

that manifest the concept of attributes.

Quantitative data

are data which are numerical in nature

Variable

is a characteristic of a population or sample

which differentiates from each other.

Discrete Variable

is one that can assume a finite

number of values. The values of a discrete variable

are obtained through the process of counting.

Continuous Variable

is one that can assume infinite

values within a specified interval. The values of a

continuous variable are obtained through measuring.

Nominal Scale

his is used to distinguish one

object from another for identification purposes

Ordinal Scale

data are arranged in some specified

order or rank

Interval Scale

we can say not only that one object

is greater of less than another, but we can also specify

the amount of difference

atio Scale

like the interval scale but the

difference is that the ratio level always starts from an

absolute zero or true zero point; we can say that one

object is so many times large or small as the other

Textual or narrative

one describes the data by

enumerating some of the highlights of the data set

like giving the highest, lowest or the average values

Tabular

a type of data representation and are applicable for larger data sets

Graphical representation

visual presentation of the data

is a process whose members had an equal chance of being selected from the population.

Random Sampling

usually uses the table of random numbers or through lottery

Simple Random Sampling

usually uses the table of random numbers or through lottery

Systematic Sampling

to draw members or elements, we have to select a random starting point, then draw successive elements from the population

Stratified Sampling

used when the members of the population do not belong to the same category;

we are dividing the elements of a population into different categories or groups called strata and then the members of the sample are drawn or selected proportionally from each subpopulation.

Cluster Sampling

sampling wherein groups or clusters instead of individuals are randomly chosen

Non-Random Sampling

is a sampling procedure where samples selected in a deliberate manner.

Convenience Sampling

offers convenience to a researcher

Purposive Sampling

selecting based on judgment by the researcher or based on prior information

Quota Sampling

applied when an investigator survey collects information from an assigned number

Snowball Sampling

one or more members of a population are located and used to lead the researchers to other members of the population