Physiology Homework Exam 5

What is the normal pH range for gastric juice?

1-3

What does over-hydration create in the ECF?

hypotonicity

What is the normal pH range for urine?

5-7

What happens to ventilation during metabolic alkalosis?

reduced

The breakdown of what food yields sulfuric and phosphoric acids?

meat

How often is the protective lining of the stomach replaced?

every 3 days

Based on structural and functional distinctions, how many sections does the stomach have?

3

What compound coverts trypsinogen into trypsin?

enteropeptidase

How are small peptides absorbed into intestinal cells?

tertiary active transport

What must be combined with vitamin B12 for it to be absorbed in the small intestine?

intrinsic factor

The predominant excitatory input for both vasopressin secretion and thirst comes from:

hypothalamic osmoreceptors

What organ is most important in compensating for respiratory acidosis?

kidneys

What two plexuses are termed the enteric nervous system?

submucosal plexus and myenteric plexus

Saliva begins digestion of dietary starches through action of the enzyme:

salivary amylase

Where is the vomiting center located?

medulla

Which cells in the distal and collecting tubules are responsible for regulating acid-base balance?

intercalated cells

A change in pH that has a respiratory cause is associated with an abnormal concentration of:

CO2

What is the barrier between plasma and interstitial fluid?

blood vessel walls

In polypeptides, what type of bond holds amino acids together?

peptide bonds

How often is the protective lining of the stomach replaced?

every 3 days

What vitamin is absorbed in the terminal part of the ileum?

B12

What are the main constituents of bile?

salts, cholesterol, lecithin, and bilirubin

How much water resides in the intracellular fluid compartment?

about 2/3

How is glucose stored within the body?

as glycogen

What is the pH of pure water?

7

What is the main clinical effect of systemic alkalosis?

“pins-and needles” sensation in muscle

Which cells in the distal and collecting tubules are responsible for regulating acid-base balance?

intercalated cells

What are the two major enterogastrones secreted by the pancreas?

secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK)

What are the three major GI hormones?

gastrin, secretin, and CCK

What are housed within the side walls of the pharynx?

the tonsils

What do the kidneys secrete during acidosis to buffer secreted H+?

ammonia

What organ is most important in compensating for respiratory acidosis?

kidneys

 Hypoventilation is a cause of:

respiratory acidosis

What layer of tissue contains the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?

lamina propria

The small, fingerlike projection at the bottom of the cecum is the:

appendix

What is the reflex called that involves gastrin secretion in response to the presence of chyme in the stomach?

gastrolienal reflex

What kind of a sugar is fructose?

monosaccharide

What is the normal average daily output for urine?

1.5L

What type of fluid is cerebrospinal fluid?

transcellular

How can consumption of alcohol and/or caffeine lead to ECF hypertonicity?

They inhibit vasopressin secretion

The main reason for the wide range in body H2O among individuals is their variable amount of:

adipose tissue (fat)

Which section of the stomach has the thickest musculature?

antrum

What cells of the stomach secrete pepsinogen?

chief cells

What are housed within the side walls of the pharynx?

the tonsils

What kind of iron is present in plants?

inorganic iron

What vitamin does the liver activate?

vitamin D

What is the medical term for difficult or labored breathing?

dyspnea

What is the atmospheric (barometric) pressure at sea level?

760 mmHg

Most CO2 is transported in the blood as:

bicarbonate

Profound constriction of the smaller airways caused by trigger-induced spasm of the smooth muscle in the walls of these airways causes what COPD?

asthma

At the end of inspiration, how much of the air in the alveoli is fresh air?

about 13%

What are the two major control mechanisms that regulate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

autoregulation and extrinsic sympathetic control

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

about 1 million

To be reabsorbed by the tubules, how many distinct barriers must a substance cross?

5

What is a perfect “substance X” for clinical determination of the GFR?

inulin

What are the two types of nephrons called?

cortical and juxtamedullary

What is the average respiratory rate under resting conditions for most people?

12 breaths per minute

The influence of CO2 and acid on the release of O2 from hemoglobin is known as the:

Bohr effect

What is the maximum volume of air that the lungs can hold when healthy?

5700 mL

How much oxygen does atmospheric air have?

21%

How is glucose reabsorbed in the tubules?

actively

What blood vessels directly supply the kidneys?

renal artery and renal vein

What percentage of the kidney tissue is needed to adequately maintain all the essential renal excretory and regulatory functions?

25%

Metabolic acidosis is caused by the inability of the kidneys to adequately secrete:

hydrogen ions

Which of the following represents the highest pressure to the lowest?

glomerular capillary blood pressure → plasma-colloid osmotic pressure → Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure

If hemoglobin levels fall by half, what happens to the O2 carrying capacity of the blood?

drops by 50%

Where are the central chemoreceptors located?

medulla

The changes in lung volume that occur with different respiratory efforts can be determined by a:

spirometer

The primary function of Bowman’s capsule is to:

collect the glomerular filtrate

What are the two types of nephrons called?

cortical and juxtamedullary

What is vasopressin also known as?

antidiuretic hormone

Sodium is reabsorbed throughout the tubule with the exception of the:

descending limb of Henle’s loop

The individual pressure exerted independently by a particular gas within a mixture of gases is known as its:

partial pressure

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic

Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by:

type II alveolar cells

The primary function of Bowman’s capsule is to:

collect the glomerular filtrate

The concentrating mechanism accomplished by the loop of Henle is known as:

countercurrent multiplication

What does micturition mean?

The process of bladder emptying or urination

Which part of the Henle’s loop actively transports NaCl out of the tubular lumen into the surrounding interstitial fluid?

ascending loop

The most important factor determining the percentage of hemoglobin saturation is the:

PO2 of the blood

Hiccups occur when involuntary, spasmodic contractions take place in what muscle?

diaphragm

What is the average respiratory quotient (RQ) based on the typical American diet?

.8

What happens to angiotensin II in the blood as it passes through the lungs?

it is activated

What percentage of sugar (glucose) is absorbed in the tubules of the glomerular capillaries?

100%

What percentage of the O2 in the blood is dissolved?

1.5%

What is the typical tidal volume under resting conditions for adults?

500mL

Where is cellular metabolism carried out within cells?

mitochondria

How much more permeable to water is the glomerular capillary wall compared to capillaries elsewhere in the body?

100x

What percentage of the plasma entering the kidneys is filtered?

20%

From what kind of cells are granular cells derived?

smooth muscle cells