History Exam Revision

Operation barbarossa when was it and why

22 June 1941 , was the code name for the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II, aimed at gaining territory and resources.

What does blitzkreig mean

Lightning war

Battle of Britain when and what

10 july to 31 October 1940, first solely air battle in history, in which the German Luftwaffe (air force) attempted to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force to facilitate an invasion of Britain. Won by Britain

North Africa campaigns

1940 to 1943, Battle for control over North Africa, specifically the Suez Canal, to gain resources through oil reserves in the region and also trade with allies easier. Allies wanted to stop Axis powers to expand to North Africa and take the Canal. Allies overall won.

Why was Japan disappointed in the TOV?

The racial equality clause was rejected, viewed as racist. Britain refused to ally with Japan, Japan was concerned with the USA expansion into the pacific.

How did Japan get affected by the Great Depression(1929)

Japan at the time was a major manufacturing country, the Great Depression slowed down trade for them and led to economic hardship, increased unemployment, social unrest, and isolation from the rest of the world, which resulted in military solutions for the economy to be chosen after 1930.

When did the Pearl Harbour attacks occur?

7 December 1941

When did Fall of Singapore occur?

8-15 February 1942

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbour?

Japan wanted to expand their territory, especially throughout the pacific and territories which had useful resources. They viewed the Pearl harbour naval base of the US as a threat and a possible interference to their expansion. The significance of this attack resulted in USA joining the war. Japan was able to temporarily neutralise USA’s power in the pacific, buying them time to expand.

Why did Fall of Singapore occur and its significance?

The Fall of Singapore occured due to Japan’s demand for resources and expansion of their empire. Additionally, it occured due to weak British defences and Japan’s incredibly coordinated and decisive attacks. This resulted in Australia having to build new allies as Britain were too busy fighting in Europe, therefore Australia allied with the US.

When did Australia fall under direct attack? name 3

Bombing of Broome (3 March 1942), Attack of Sydney and Newcastle (31 May to June 8 1942), Bombing of Darwin(19th Feb 1942)

Why did Australia need the US?

Australia needed the US’ economic and military assistance after the Fall of Singapore.

What was so bad about the Kokoda Track?

150 km from Australia’s mainland.

Inhospitable and dense jungle terrain.

Intense heat.

Disease.

Rugged mountains (the Owen Stanley Range), only crossable by foot tracks, including the ‘Kokoda Track’.

Significance of Kokoda Track

First land defeat of Japan in WW2, inexperienced and young Australian soldiers won against Japan in the track, forced Japan to retreat back along the Kokoda track. It reimagined the ANZAC spirit for WW2 experience.

How many of the 21467 Australian prisoners of war captured in the Asia Pacific by the Japanese died?

8000 due to malnutrition, disease and mistreatment.

What did the POWs experience in Japanese POW camps?

Malnutrition, forced labour, disease, mistreatment, brutality, death marches.

What was the Thai Burma railway track?

The railway track which would be used to supply Japan’s campaign against the Allies in Burma. Around 60,000 allied POWs and and 200,000 asian labourers were forced to build it, 2,800 australians died.

What was Changi Gaol?

Located on Singapore island, 7 POW and internee camps were placed which imprisoned 50,000 British and Australian soldiers after the Fall of Singapore. Was relatively less brutal, but brutality and extreme rationing occured.

What was the Sandakan site?

Located in Borneo, 6,000 Australians and other POWs were forced into labour constructing air strips. Japan later closed the camp and sent the POWs on the Sandakan death march for 260 km. Only 6 Australians survived. Greatest atrocity committed against Australians in global conflict.

What was the Bangka island site?

• SS Vyner Brooke left Singapore carrying 65 AANS personnel + several civilians and injured Australian personnel.

• Ship was bombed.

• Some survivors made it to Bangka Island, who were then found by the Japanese.

• Nurses faced sexual assault & executions.

• Nurses were forced to wade out into water to be machine-gunned down. 

• Only 3 survivors (1 nurse).

Significance of POW experience

These war crimes resulted in hatred and racism towards Japanese people broadly. Impacted ANZAC message, motivated masculinity, strength, mateship and ingenuity, and bravery.

When was D-Day, what and why.

June 6 1944, the invasion of Nazi-controlled France by the allies (USA and Britain). Largest seaborne invasion of history, was codenamed Operation Overlord. It was planned prior through Exercise Tiger.

What was operation Dynamo

The evacuation of Allied troops from Mainland France (May-June 1940).

Treaty of Versailles

June 28 1919, resulted in Germany receiving the blame, losing territory, army limited to 100,000, banned conscription, payed $6.6 billion reparations.

Great Depression

Occurred in 1929 due to Wall Street crash. Resulted in 6 million Germans being unemployed by 1933, influenced rise of Nazi Party.

Fascism

Far right political ideology where most of country’s power is controlled by 1 ruler (dictatorship).

Nazism

More extreme than fascism, totalitarian socio-political ideology associated with Adolf Hitler and Nazi party, focused on the ideology of increasing lebensraum (living space) and racial superiority of the Aryan race.

Propaganda

Nazi Propaganda was used to influence German society and follow their ideology, as well as to increase military power and to get rid of the “inferior race” of Jewish people.

Appeasement

Policy of giving into something or a request in order to avoid conflict or war.

Examples of Appeasement

Anschluss, Remilitarisation of Rhineland, occupation of Sudetenland, Invasion of Poland, Invasion of Czechoslovakia, reintroducing conscription.

Aggressor, appeaser, anti-appeaser

Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill

Anschluss

Annexing of Austria, March 1938.

Munich Conference

September 1938

Invasion of Poland

September 1 1939

White Australia Policy

23 December 1901 - 1973

 Pacific Island Labourers Act

17th December 1901-1908—> restrict labourers from the Pacific Islands, led to the deportation of many pacific Islanders from Aus.

Dictation Test

1901-1958, used to restrict migration. 50 word test which was purposefully hard and difficult to restrict migration.

Arthur Calwell

First Minister of Migration in Australia 1945, introduced the Populate or Perish policy.

Populate or Perish

Policy which consisted of increasing immigration to Australia in order to improve and increase economic development and national defence after the events of WW2. Introduced in 1945.

Vietnam War

1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975

Malcolm Fraser

Prime Minister of Australia (1975-1983), Let 14000-70000 vietnamese refugees into Australia for asylum seeking after Vietnam war.

Assimilation

1947-1966, immigrants and Indigenous Australians adopted Australian culture leaving their own traditions behind.

Integration

1966-1973, could follow own practices at home but must act like Australians in public.

Multiculturalism

1973-today, immigrants were still required to respect and follow Australian laws but were encouraged to retain their own practices from country of origin. Increased Asian immigration.

UDHR

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Society was entirely reordered & reassessed following World War II.

• 1945: creation of the United Nations.

• 1948: creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

• Rights: what we should all have as human beings.

• Freedoms: what we get in combination with our rights.

• Responsibilities: the obligation we have in order to uphold these for everyone.

Activism

the policy or action of using vigorous campaigning to bring about political or social change.

Freedom Rides

Civil rights movement consisting of people riding buses around major towns to protest (referencing how black people and Indigenous Australians were placed in the back of the bus and sometimes giving up their seats for white people). 1961-1965. Occurred in Southern USA and NSW.

Wave Hill Walk Off

1966-1975—> Vincent Lingiari led land rights and equal pay protests due to the harsh conditions Indigenous workers faced in Wave Hill Cattle station owned by Vesteys brothers. Resulted in them reclaiming 3,300 square kms of land.

1967 referendum

Allowed Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to be part of the Australian population, allowed Commonwealth to legislate in regard to Aboriginal affairs. Did not give them the right to vote as they already had it.

Tent Embassy

January 26th 1972—> protesting land rights and how Indigenous Australians felt threatened and were treated like foreigners in their own land.

Day of Mourning

Protest held by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people on 26th Jan 1938, mourning loss of land 150 years after colonisation.

Protectionism

The theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

The Mabo Decision

Challenging the doctrine of Terra Nullius, and ultimately winning, resulting in the doctrine being overturned, allowing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people being recognised as the owners of the land and having legal rights to their traditional land (known as the Mabo decision of 3rd June 1992).

Native Title Act

The Native Title Act (1993) was a significant achievement for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as it formally recognised them as the first and traditional owners of the land and had been legally provided with traditional land rights for the first time, it was a direct result of the Mabo decision.

Stolen Generations and Assimilation

1910-1970—> how Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were forcibly removed from their families by the Australian Government and placed into white families to breed out the race and were forcibly assimilated and had to leave their culture behind to adopt the Australian culture.

Hitler quote on the Jewish race?

“The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew.”