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Biopsychology
Study of how genetics and the brain affect behavior
Evolutionary Psychologist
Study how genetics have adapted over time (curvy women more attractive back in the day)
DNA Blueprints
DNA from our generations
Heredity
Inheritance of genetic characteristics
DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid)
Determines nature of cell
Chromosomes
Where DNA is located
Allele
Versions of a gene
Skin tone, eye color, etc
How many pairs of chromosomes makes up a healthy human
23 pairs/46 total chromosomes
Mendel's law of heredity
One dominant chromosome
Polygenetic Inheritance
Blending of chromosomes
Height, Skin color (black and white parents create a light skin black baby)
Genotype
Genetic Makeup (natural)
Phenotype
Genetics and environment (what we see, not necessarily natural)
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral system
Motor (runs through body)
Neuron
Communication to the brain about activity
Creates our movement
Ex: doesn't allow 3rd degree burns because it tells the brain to move body part
Dendrites
Receive
Axon
Carries
Synapse
Space between two neurons (junction between neurons)
Transfers neurons
Myelin Sheath
increases the speed the information travels through the neuron
Pons
Responsible for sleep and wake problems
Neurogenesis
Grow new neurons
Axon terminal
Decide WHERE info is going
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers
Spinal Cord
Acts like a cable, connecting brain to other parts of the body
Neurological Communication goes through the ________
spine
Bottom of neck controls _________
digestion
Torso controls ______
balance
Top of neck controls _______
lungs, heart
Neck controls ________
vital organs
Endocrine System
Body communication that uses horses as messengers instead of neurons
Controls: growth- skin, hair, height
The _______ system helps with growth, regulates eating, sleepiness, elicits adrenaline
endocrine (if system becomes unstable we can gain/lose weight, get sick, insomnia)
Thalamus
Interpret our senses (touch, hear, sight, smell, taste)
Midbrain
Info server
Cerebral Cortex
responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language.
Divided into four lobes that each have a specific function
Cerebellum
Movement- posture, balance, coordination, and speech, resulting in smooth and balanced muscular activity
Medulla
Vital reflexes (breathing, digestive rate)
Hippocampus
associated mainly with memory
Amygdala
Fear/Aggression
Pituitary Gland
(looks like testicles)
Growth- puberty, regulates the hormones
Hypothalamus
govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive
Keeps us level
Septum
Pleasure/pain center
Heart rate increases when triggered
Corpus Collosum
Connects the lobes together (typically formed around 8-years-old)
Frontal Lobe
Front
Human thinking (cognitive)
Futuristic planning (plan next 5 years)
Language
Typically developed by 20 years old
Parietal Lobe
Top of head
Touch (physical feeling)
Occipital Lobe
Back of head
Take what we see
Temporal Lobe
Between ears
Hearing
Nature
Our genetics
Nurture
Our environment
Interactionism
Both nature and nurture
What stage of sleep are you in if you are in the deepest sleep
Deep sleep
Which neurotransmitter's function is based on sleeping, eating, mood, pain, and depression?
Serotonin
What part of the brain controls fear and aggression?
Amygdala
Monozygotic twins share ______ of their DNA.
100%
Which theory believed that dreams are a way to express our desires with out censorship?
Freud's interpretation of Dreams
What is the term used when a person stops breathing in their sleep?
Sleep Apnea
True/False: The more active you are in the day the less sleep you need.
True
Insomnia is when...
People have a hard time going/staying asleep
archival research
method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
attrition
reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time
cause-and-effect relationship
changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be
determined only through an experimental research design
clinical or case study
observational research study focusing on one or a few people
confirmation bias
tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs
confounding variable
unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
control group
serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study—by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups
correlation coefficient
number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by "r"
correlation
relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
cross-sectional research
compares multiple segments of a population at a single time
debriefing
when an experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful
information about the experiment at its conclusion
deception
purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
deductive reasoning
results are predicted based on a general premise
dependent variable
variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent
variable had
dependent variable
measures the change produced
double-blind study
experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments
empirical
grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing
experimental group
group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance
experimenter bias
researcher expectations skew the results of the study
fact
objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research
falsifiable
able to be disproven by experimental results
generalize
inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population
hypothesis (plural: hypotheses)
tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or
more variables
Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)
committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving animal participants
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants
illusory correlation
seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists
independent variable
variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter;
inductive reasoning
conclusions are drawn from observations
informed consent
process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person's consent to participate
inter-rater reliability
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event
longitudinal research
studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period of time
naturalistic observation
observation of behavior in its natural setting
negative correlation
two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other
becomes smaller;
observer bias
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
operational definition
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables
opinion
personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate
participants
subjects of psychological research
peer-reviewed journal article
article read by several other scientists (usually anonymously) with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication
placebo effect
people's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
population
overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in
positive correlation
two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller
random assignment
method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group
random sample
subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected