Lesson 94 - Management of Common shelter diseases & public health

What are factors that contribute to infection transmission?

1. overcrowding

2. facility design

3. vaccination status

4. stress

5. sanitation

6. lack of staff training

What are common viral GI diseases in shelters?

1. parvo

2. panleukopenia

3. distemper

What are common endoparasites in shelters?

1. roundworms

2. hookworms

3. whipworms

4. giardia

5. coccidia

What are common bacterial GI diseases in shelters?

1. salmonella

2. e. coli

3. campylobacter

What are the common respiratory diseases in shelters?

1. Canine infectious respiratory disease complex

2. feline upper respiratory infections

3. bordetelle

What are common dermatological diseases in shelters?

1. dermatophytes

2. sarcoptic mange

3. demodectic mange

4. fleas

5. ticks

What are some supportive care treatments for shelter GI diseases?

1. antiemetics

2. fluids

3. antidiarrheals

4. diet/nutritional support

What is the transmission for canine parvovirus?

fecal-oral route with environmental persistence

What are clinical signs of canine parvovirus?

1. vomiting

2. bloody diarrhea

3. dehydration

4. lethargy

What are the herd health consequences of parvo virus?

1. rapid spread among unvaccinated or newly admitted animals

2. long environmental survival

3. asymptomatic shedders possible

4. requires isolation, strict disinfection, vaccination

What systems are affected by canine distemper?

1. respiratory

2. gastrointestinal

3. neurological

How is canine distemper virus transmitted?

1. respiratory secretions

2. direct contact

What are the GI clinical signs of canine distemper virus?

1. vomiting

2. diarrhea

3. dehydration

What can happen to survivors of canine distemper virus?

chronic neurological signs

What are the signs of feline panleukopenia virus?

1. diarrhea

2. vomiting

3. dehydration

4. leukopenia

What is the transmission of feline panleukopenia virus?

fecal-oral transmission with stability in the environment

What causes significant risk with felina panleukopenia virus in shelters?

asymptomatic carriers

What type of diseases are the most common and disruptive diseases in shelters?

respiratory diseases

What respiratory viruses can have chronic carriers?

1. calicivirus

2. feline herpes virus-1

What are the supportive care treatments for respiratory diseases?

1. hydration

2. nutritional support

3. nebulization

What are the main intake vaccinations?

1. DA2PP

2. bordetella

3. FVRCP

What viruses are a part of the feline upper respiratory complex?

1. feline herpesvirus-1

2. feline calicivirus

3. bordetella bronchiseptica

4. mycoplasma felis

What are signs of feline upper respiratory complex?

1. sneezing

2. nasal/ocular discharge

3. oral ulcers

4. conjunctivitis

What are the consequences of Bordetella bronchiseptica in cats?

broncho-pneumonia, cyanosis, and death in younger cats

What is the vaccine for B. bronchiseptica?

intra-nasal live vaccine

What does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs?

acute tracheobronchitis known as kennel cough

What does Bordetella bronchiseptica cause in cats?

1. tracheobronchitis

2. conjunctivitis

3. pneumonia

What part of the respiratory tract is mainly affected by B. bronchiseptica?

upper respiratory tract

What is the cellular affinity for B. bronchiseptica?

ciliated respiratory epithelial cells

What viruses are a part of the canine infectious respiratory disease complex?

1. bordetella bronchiseptica

2. canine parainfluenza virus

3. canine adenovirus-2

4. canine influenza

What is the transmission for canine infectious respiratory disease complex?

1. aerosols

2. droplets

3. contaminated surfaces

What are the signs of canine infectious respiratory disease complex?

1. coughing

2. nasal discharge

3. fever

4. lethargy

What is kennel cough?

inflammation of the trachea and bronchi

What is the transmission for kennel cough?

aerosol

What are the signs for kennel cough?

1. coughing 2-3 weeks

2. vomiting

3. weight loss

What can kennel cough be secondary to?

viral infections like distemper and canine herpes virus

What is a common bacterial skin disease in shelters?

pyoderma with staphylococcus pseudointermedius

What are common fungal skin infections in shelters?

1. candida

2. malassezia

3. dermatophites

What are factors that contribute to infection transmission of skin diseases in shelters?

1. close animal contact and shared spaces

2. environmental contamination

3. lack of staff training, hygiene protocols, PPE

4. high animal turnover with unknown history

5. lack of intake exams and screening

What are treatments for skin infections?

1. targeted therapies

2. monoclonal antibodies

3. antihistamines

4. diet/nutritional support

What is sarcoptic mange?

highly contagious and zoonotic skin mite infestation

What is the treatment recommendation for sarcoptic mange?

treat all in-contact animals

What are the clinical signs of sarcoptic mange?

1. intense pruritis

2. alopecia

3. crusting

What is a consequence of visible skin lesions in shelters?

delayed adoption

What is the transmission of demodectic mange?

direct contact with dam during nursing in first 2-3 days of life

What controls the demodex population in the skin?

innate immune system

What animals typically have demodectic mange?

1. young

2. immunocompromised

What mange is not contagious between healthy animals?

demodectic mange

How do we control flea allergy dermatitis?

strict flea control for the animal and the environment

What is the main reservoir for dermatophytes?

cats especially long-haired cats like persians

What is the transmission for dermatophytosis?

1. direct contact

2. fomites

What are the risk factors for dermatophytosis?

1. overcrowding

2. poor sanitation

3. stress

4. young age

5. immunocompromised

What is the public health risk for dermatophytosis?

zoonosis

What is the topical therapy for dermatophytes?

1. lime sulfur

2. miconazole/chlorhexidine rinses

What are the oral therapies for dermatophytes?

1. itraconazole

2. terbinafine

What is the environmental control of dermatophytes?

1. remove hair/debris and clean daily with disinfectant

2. separate infected animals

3. change air filters

4. washing bedding

5. steam all carpets, drapes, fabric couch, cat trees

What are the three pillars of herd management in shelters?

1. identify

2. treat

3. prevent spread

What is arthroponosis?

infections transmitted from humans to animals aka reverse zoonosis

How does overcrowding impact zoonoses?

faster disease spread

How does lack of intake procedures and screening impact zoonoses?

delayed diagnosis of zoonotic disease leading to potential spread

How does poor sanitation protocols impact zoonoses?

environmental transmission

How does lack of isolation space impact zoonoses?

inability to control outbreaks

How does untrained staff impact zoonoses?

mishandling and misdiagnosis

How does delayed vaccination/deworing impact zoonoses?

increased zoonotic disease risk

How does lack of vermin/pest control impact zoonoses?

external zoonotic disease vectors

What are common zoonotic bacteria in shelters?

1. leptospirosis

2. campylobacteriosis

3. salmonellosis

4. E. coli

What are common zoonotic viruses in shelters?

rabies

What are common zoonotic parasites in shelters?

1. toxoplasmosis

2. hookworms

3. tapeworms

4. toxocariasis

5. cryptosporidiosis

6. giardiasis

What are common zoonotic fungi/skin diseases in shelters?

1. ringworm

2. scabies

What are the main key strategies to manage zoonotic disease in animal shelters?

1. shelter design

2. veterinary care of animals

3. infection control plans

4. education

What is part of pre-exposure prophylaxis for rabies?

1. triennial-initial vaccine

2. annual vaccine

What is the protocol for triennial-initial vaccine?

1. earliest given at 3 months of age

2. repeated 1 year later

3. given every 3 years for rest of their life

What is the protocol for annual vaccines?

first vaccine at 3 months of age then every year after that

What people can vaccinate wildlife?

only federal and state veterinarians not private vets

When is an animal considered to be immunized for rabies?

1. 28 days post-initial vaccination

2. where a booster vaccination has been administered, typically 1 year later

What are the critical time periods that are important for post-exposure prophylaxis management with rabies?

1. incubation period

2. 10-day period between viral shedding in saliva and onset of clinical signs

What is the importance of the rabies incubation period?

can advise on how to manage animals exposed to a rabid animal

What is the importance of the 10-day period between viral shedding and onset of clinical signs with rabies?

can advise on how to manage animals that have bitten a person

What is the protocol for animals that have never been vaccinated and exposed to a rabid animal?

euthanize immediately unless owner is unwilling

What is the protocol for animals that have been exposed to rabid animal, not vaccinated, and owner doesn't want to euthanize?

place in strict isolation for 4 months with dogs and cats and 6 months in ferrets

What must we administer a rabies vaccine to an unvaccinated exposed animal?

1. upon entry into isolation

2. within 96 hours of exposure

3. isolation extended 4-6 months if vaccination is delayed

What is the protocol for rabies exposure to a vaccinated animal?

1. wound cleansing

2. revaccinated immediately

3. kept under owners control

4. observe for 45 days

What is the protocol for rabies exposure to unvaccinated livestock?

euthanize or close observation for 6 months

What is the protocol for rabies exposure to vaccinated livestock?

revaccinated immediately and observed for 45 days

Do we isolate a whole herd if one individual cow has been exposed to rabies?

no because herbivore to herbivore transmission is rare

What is the protocol for animals that bite people?

healthy or not confined and observed daily for 10 days from time of exposure

Do we give a rabies vaccine to animals under observation for biting?

no because we don't want to confuse signs of rabies with rare vaccine reactions

What is the protocol for animals under 10 day observation for biting and they show signs of rabies?

euthanized immediately and head sent for testing

What organizations regulate importation of dogs and cats into the united states?

1. CDC

2. USDA-APHIS

What is the protocol for post-exposure prophylaxis in a non-immunized human exposed to rabies or bit?

1. wound cleansing with soap and water and povidone-iodine

2. administer HRIG around the wound and IM

3. vaccinate IM for rabies on day 0, 3, 7, and 14

4. immunocompromised individuals a fifth dose on day 28

What is the protocol for post-exposure prophylaxis in an immunized human exposed to rabies or bit?

1. wound cleansing

2. do not administer HRIG

3. vaccinate IM for rabies on days 0 and 3

What causes leptospirosis?

spirochete leptospira

What can leptospirosis cause in dogs?

acute kidney failure and liver disease

What are the risk factors for lepto?

1. warm, wet environment

2. summer/fall

3. crowding

4. unsanitary conditions

5. rodent infestations

6. lack of vaccination

How do the reservoir or maintenance hosts shed lepto?

urine

How does lepto enter the body?

1. abraded skin

2. mucous membranes

3. ingestion

What age do we vaccinate for lepto?

4 weeks of age

What is the treatment for lepto?

doxycycline and supportive care

What is one of the most important control measures for lepto?

rodent control

What is recommended for vaccinating for lepto with shelter intakes?

vaccinate at intake and annual vaccination