Chapter 5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution (1700-1775)

Scots-Irish

Presbyterian immigrants from Scotland and Northern Ireland (Ulster) who came in large numbers during the 18th century who had qualities in

• rugged individualism

• revolutionary sentiment

• westward expansion

expansion, frontier

The Scots and Irish were critical to the ? in the American ?

English, English

The Scots and Irish carried a strong sense of independence to ? authority contributing to an increasing anti-? American identity

economic, persecution

The Scots and Irish immigrated to America to escape ? problems and religious ?

Paxton Boys

A group of Pennsylvania Frontiersman (who were Scots-Irish) who started an uprising against the Native Americans in the 18th century

• demanded action

• Pennsylvania backcountry origins

• strong violence against Natives

inaction, raids, stronger

The Paxton Boys were frustrated with the British and colonial governments’ ? to the Native American ? and demanded ? measures against the Natives

• when this didn’t work, they took matters into their own hands

colonial, frontier, English

The Paxton Boys represented the tensions between the ? authorities and the ? settlers

• this put the adequacy of ? protection into question

Almshouses

American charity institutions made to care for the elderly, poor, and disabled starting in the 17th century

• managed by religious organizations and local governments

• provided food, housing, and basic care

community, poverty, social

Almshouses were one of the first examples of a ? effort in America to address ? and ? welfare

social welfare, precursor

Almshouses were crucial as they would later evolve into more structured ? systems in America

• they were the ? to later institutions

Samuel Adams

A founding father who was strongly opposed to British rule and was a pivotal figure in the Revolutionary War primarily active in the 18th century

• master of propaganda

• master organizer

Sons of Liberty, Boston Tea Party

Samuel Adams was the leader of the ? and led the ?

Declaration of Independence, Bill of Rights, federal

Samuel Adams was critical to the drafting of the ?, the supporting of the ?, and the advocacy of a strong ? government

• Samuel Adams was one of the embodiments of a struggle for American Independence

Great Awakening

A major upheaval in religious attitudes in the 18th century where people started to value person religious experiences over traditional Church practices

• resistance to authority

personal, formal, Church

The Great Awakening saw the rise of ? religious experiences over the ? teachings of the established ?

George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards

Two major figures of the Great Awakening include ? and ?

diversity, public debate, individualism, democratic

The Great Awakening was pivotal in

• increasing religious ?

• encouraging ?

• developing the American idea of ?

• developing the idea of a ? form of power

George Whitefield

An English Preacher during the Great Awakening who gave dynamic sermons during the 18th century

• attracted New England and Southern colonists

charismatic, dramatic

George Whitefield was ? and ? during his sermons, making him a great public speaker

protestantism, denominations, public speaking

George Whitefield was pivotal to shaping American ? and creating new ? of Christianity

• he helped popularized ?

Jonathan Edwards

A leading preacher and theologian during the Great Awakening

• known for his special type of sermons

fire, brimstone, personal

Jonathan Edwards followed a popular format of sermons called ?-and-? where he emphasized eternal damnation without ? salvation

Evangelical Protestantism

Jonathan Edwards helped to spread ? across America

• permanently changed the religious landscape of America

Old Lights vs New Lights

A term used to describe the division between 2 different religious communities in during the Great Awakening in the 18th century

• significant changes to American religious life

Old Lights

Traditionalist religious people who opposed the revivalist movement (Great Awakening)

• stuck to formal worship

New Lights

Supporters of the Great Awakening

• agreed to the movement’s new emotional and experience-based approach to religion

diversity, cultural, political

The disagreement between the Old Lights and the New Lights helped to

• increase religious ?

• broaden America’s ? and ? landscape as people learning to debate more often

John Singleton Copely

A famous American painter who used realism to depict colonial leaders primarily throughout the 18th century

realistic, detailed

John Singleton Copely used a ? and ? style when painting

social, political, identity

John Singleton Copely was pivotal in documenting the ? and ? dynamics of colonial America

• he established a distinctive American ? when it came to art

John Peter Zenger

A colonial printer who had a trial in the 18th century where he expressed his support of the truth standing above all else in the Press

criticizing, William Cosby

John Peter Zenger was charged for ? the New York Governor ?

Freedom of Press, journalists, democracy

John Peter Zenger was the original driving force of supporting the ?

• supported the protection of ?

• gave the colonists an understanding of ?

Zenger Decision

A famous decision in John Peter Zenger’s famous trial where he Zenger was declared “not guilty” for declaring the Freedom of Press and importance of the truth