skeletal system

What happens in the body when someone has Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)?

muscles and connective tissue turn into bone

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

support, protection, body movement, blood cells formation, storage of inorganic materials

what is the term for blood cell formation? where does it happen?

hematopoiesis - red bone marrow

which inorganic materials does the skeletal system store?

calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium

About how many bones are in the skeletal system?

206

What are the two divisions of the bones?

axial and appendicular

what makes up the axial division?

head, trunk, neck, skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, ribcage, sternum (think the inner/upper section of the body)

what makes up the appendicular division?

pectoral girdle (collarbone and shoulder area), arms, pelvic girdle, legs (think the “exterior” part of the body)

what causes flare-ups of bone growth with FOP?

any slight injury or minor trauma

will FOP result in death?

yes, eventually it will because muscles are important for function

what are the ends of bones called?

epiphysis

what is the main region/shaft of the bone called (the part in between the epiphysises)?

diaphysis

what is the cartilage covering the ends of the bones?

articular cartilage

what is the tough membrane covering the entire bone?

periosteum

what is within the diaphysis and contains bone marrow?

medulla/medullary cavity

what does proximal epiphysis mean?

closest to the body’s center

what does distal epiphysis mean?

farthest away from the body’s center

what are the types of bones and their functions?

flat - protection

long - support weight and movement

short - stability/movement

irregular - protects organs

sesamoid - reinforces tendons

what is the lining of the medullary cavity called?

endosteum

what does red marrow do?

produce blood cells

what does yellow marrow do?

store fat

where is compact bone found in the bone?

the wall of the diaphysis

where is spongy/cancellous bone found?

the epiphysis

what is bone tissue called? what is its matrix composed of?

osseous tissue - collagen and inorganic salts

what is collagen?

connective, supportive tissue

what are mature bone cells called?

osteocytes

what are the tiny chambers that osteocytes are enclosed in called?

lucanae

what are the rings formed by the lucanae called? what do they form around?

lamallae - haversian canal

what connect osteocytes?

canaliculi

are Volkmann’s canals horizontal or vertical?

horizontal

are haversian canals horizontal or vertical?

vertical

what is ossification?

the process by which hyaline cartilage (which is what bones initially are) gradually changes into bone tissue

what does the primary ossification center do?

increase diameter

what does the secondary ossification center do?

increase length

what is hallux adbucto calgus deviation?

when the toes are bent due to abnormal ossification

what did jasmin’s mother notice that led to a FOP diagnosis?

ossification in the toes (bent shape) and stiff neck

what do osteoblasts do?

create osteocytes

what do osteoclasts do?

absorb or consume osteocytes

what is the epiphyseal disk/line (growth plate) and how does it change with age?

a band of cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis - slowly “closes” or goes away with age (bigger growth plate at young age, meaning there is more room to grow)

what is heterotopic ossification (HO)?

abnormal bone growth in non-skeletal tissues including muscle, tendons, and soft tissue

what is the cause of FOP?

gene mutation that codes for more bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) than usual; the receptor stays ON all of the time

what are noggin and gremlin?

inhibitors of BMP

what can be done for ppl with FOP?

CRISPR- get rid of the mutation and replace it with the normal gene