Merrill's fluoroscopy

Position to demonstrate hiatal hernia (stomachx-ray)

AP stomach Trendelenburgs

Position that demonstrates fundic portion of the stomach filed with barium

LPO

Rotation for stomach LPO

30 to 60 average 45

Position that demonstrates duodenal bulb and loop in profile

RAO

Position that demonstrates right retrogastric space, duodenal loop, and doudenojejunal junction

Recumbent right lateral, stomach

Position that demonstrates rectosigmoid area in center

Lateral large intestine

Position that demonstrates rectosigmoid area with less superimposition than in AP/PA

AP/PA axial

PT rotation for RAO/LAO large intestine

35-45 degree

Position that demonstrates right colic flexure with less superimposition than PA

RAO/LPO

Position that demonstrates left colic flexure with less superimposition than PA

LAO/RPO

Position that demonstrates ascending colon, cecum, and sigmoid colon

RAO/LPO

Position that demonstrates descending colon

RPO/LAO

Essential projection for male/female cystourethroghraphy

AP oblique 35 to 40 degree for female 5 degree caudal

CR in AP axial for bladder

10 - 15 degree 2" above upper border of pubic symphysis

AP oblique bladder CR RPO/LPO

40 to 60 degree @ above upper border of pubic symphysis 2" medial to upper ASIS

Degree for AP oblique - urinary system, where is area of interest

30 degree, side down

Glomerulus

Tiny branch of renal artery in renal capsule, filter blood

Where kidneys are located?

-retroperitoneum,

-in oblique plane about 30 degree anteriorly toward the aorta,

-extends from T12 to L3

Left kidney slightly longer and and narrower, located higher than right

Outer covering for kidney

Renal capsule

Outer layer of renal tissue

Renal cortex

inner layer of renal tissue

Renal medulla

RAO esophagus PT position and CR

35-40 degree rotated

CR 2" lateral to MSP @ T5 or T6

Opening between stomach and small intestine, controlled by...

Pyloric orifice, controlled by pyloric sphincter

Opening between esophagus and stomach, controlled by:

cardiac orifice, cardiac sphincter

Chyme

chemically and mechanically altered food that leaves stomach

GI series preparation

NPO 8 to 9 hours before exam, if small intestine; no food after evening meal

no nicotine or gum before exam

Rotation for Stomach RAO

40- 70 degree

CR for PA stomach

MSP@ 1"to 2" above lower rib margin L1-L2 (upright 3" to 6" lower)

CR for AP stomach

midway between xiphoid process and lower rib margin - L1-L2

Best position for fundus filed with barium

LPO

Position for duodenal loop and bulb and pylorus

RAO

Best projection for hyperstenic patients demonstrating pyloric canal and duodenal bulb.

Right lateral projection PT recumbent

Enema tip insertion & bag height

-insert no more than 4"

-no higher than 24" on 61 cm

Projection for entire colon:

PA or AP, vertebral column in the center

Projection for rectosigmoid with less superimposition:

PA/AP axial

Angulation for PA/AP axial large intestine:

PA 30-40 caudad CR- MSP@ level ASIS

AP 30-40 cephalad CR- MSP to enter inferior margin of pubic symphysis

Projection for rectosigmoid area in the center

Lateral large intestine

Angulation for PA oblique large intestine

35-45 degree

Position to demonstrate left colic flexure with less superimposition, and descending colon:

LAO, RPO

Position to demonstrate right colic flexure with less superimposition, ascending colon, cecum, and sigmoid colon

LPO, RAO

Right lateral decub demonstrate:

medial side of ascending colon and lateral side of descending colon

Left lateral decub demonstrate:

lateral side of ascending colon and medial side of descending colon