SOC 105 Final Exam

Chapter 7 - Global Inequality

Globalization

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope.

Modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. Functionalist Paradigm

Multinational Corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management. Brings work to poor countries tries but also tends to exploit its workers.

Developing Nations....

account for most of the worlds population, most births, most poverty and most disease and childhood deaths

Global Divide

refers to stratification in information technology between countries

global inequality

the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries

Neo-colonialism

control by a powerful country of its former colonies (or other less developed countries) by economic pressures

Immanuel Wallerstein

World Systems Theory: most used version of the dependancy theory, even as developing countries make economic advances, they remain weak and subservient to core nations and corporations in an increasingly intertwined global economy.

Chapter 8 - Race and Ethnic Inequality

Dependancy Theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

Racial Group

socially structted through a process called radicalization, based on perceived physical differences

Ethnic Group

primarily because of national origin or distinctive cultural patterns

Minority Group

primarily concerned with the economic and political power, or powerlessness, of the group

Sociologist to Race... (what do they think about it?)

There is no biological basis for the concept of "race", there are no physical traits that can be described to a racial group to the exclusion of others. In short terms, they don't like the term race, its too objective

Stereotypes

widely held beliefs that people have certain characteristics because of their membership in a particular group

Prejudice often leads to...

discrimination (not identical terms tho, one can be present without the other)

Institutional discrimination

results when the structural components of a society create or foster differential treatment of groups.

Functionalists point out that discrimination is...

both functional and dysfunctional to society.

Conflict theorists explain racial subordination by...

Exploitation theory

Some Feminists point out that...

gender is not the sole source of oppression, and that gender, race and class intersect to produce multiple degrees of inequality.

Interactionalists focus on the micro level of race relations, posing the...

contact hypothesis as a means of reducing prejudice and discrimination.

3 patters of typical intergroup relations...

assimilation, segregation and multiculturalism

In Canada the ideal pattern of intergroup relations is....

multiculturalism

Porter's Vertical Mosaic is...

as accurate a portrayal of Canadian Multiculturalism today as it was in 1965.

Chapter 9: Gender Relations

Like race, gender is...

socially constructed, providing a basis for social differentiation

Different exceptions for...

Men and Women, because of social construction

This social construction produces...

Gender Roles, which are revealed in our work and behaviour and with how we react to others

Females are..

restricted by gender roles, as are males

Margret Mead

she points to the importance of cultural conditioning, in defining the social roles for males and females. Studied 3 groups of people separated off from the rest of the world in New Guinea, and found that each group had created its own n orcas for peoples gender roles, having most of them being switched from what they are in our lives.

If gender was a result of biology...

everyone would act and behave the same way

But if gender was a result of culture...

then it would be cultural differences and people would be very different from each other, around the world.

Ultimately culture is...

everything when it comes to peoples gender and social roles

Arapesh, Mundugumor, Tchambuli

are groups of tribes in New Guinea that were separated from the rest of the world, who Margret Mead studied to figured out if gender s based on biology or culture

Funtionalists maintain that sex differences contribute to...

overall social stability

Conflict theorists think that sex differneces are...

contributing to unequal power, with men being dominant over women

Feminists perspectives on sex differences are...

diverse and vary in their explanation of the sources of women's inequality; except they all agree on social change = to greater equality

Interactionalists study gender relations...

as reflections of everyday behaviour

Women fit inside the definition of...

a subordinate minority group in Canada, and in most parts of the world

Women continue to bear the responsibility of...

care of their homes and families

Chapter 10: The Mass Media

The Mass Media are...

print and electronic instruments of communication that carry messages to often widespread audiences

Social Media refers to...

the websites and online applications that enable people to create and share content or to participate in social networking

Narcotizing dysfunction

the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regardless of how compelling the issue

Media monitoring

Expanded to include monitoring individuals' media usage and choices without their knowledge

Hegemony is...

the process of creating acceptance of the views of the ruling class so that they are seen as normal by the exploited classes

Conflict theorists think that .... (media)

the media reflects and even deepens the divisions of society through gatekeeping, or controls which media reaches the public; media monitoring

Funtionalists think that... (media)

the media entertains, socializes, enforces social norms, confer status, and promote consumption. They can be dysfunctional to the extent that they desensitize us to serious events and issues (narcotizing dysfunction)

Feminist theories point out that the medias...

images of the sexes show/communicate unrealistic, stereotypical, limiting, and sometimes violent perceptions of women

Interactionalists examine the media on a....

micro level to see how they shape day-to-day social behaviour

Segmented audience

increasingly, media market themselves to a particular audience, target marketing

Opinion Leader

an individual who influences the opinions of others

In some countries the government has what over the media?

ownership, control and power

The internet is the one significant exception to the trend toward...

centralization, allowing people to produce their own media content

Digital divide is...

A worldwide gap giving advantage to those with access to technology

Chapter 11: Deviance and Social Control

Conformity and deviance are two ways people...

respond to real or imagined pressures from others

Social Control....

involves the mechanisms used by society to bring about conformity to social norms

Stanley Milgram defined conformity as...

going along with our peers; obedience is defined as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure

Some norms are so important that they...

are formalized into laws, socialization is a primary source of conforming behaviour, including obedience to laws

What is deviance?

the recognized violation of cultural and social norms

Routine Activities Theory

The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders

Interactionlists see deviance as...

learning crimes acts from others, a approach called cultural transmission.

Functionalists see deviance as...

helping to define the limits of proper behaviour

Conflict perspective sees laws as...

reflecting the interest of the powerful

Feminists views on deviance are...

varied; often they emphasize that crimes involving women are defined and treated differently

Crime represents a deviation from...

formal social norms administered by the state

Crime statistics are among the least or most reliable social data?

Least, this is because so many crimes are not reported to law enforcement agencies

Chapter 13: Religion and Education

What is Durkheim's sociological approach to Religion?

stressed the social impact of religion and attempted to understand individual religious behaviour within the context of a larger society

How much of the worlds population adheres to some form of religion?

84%

Tremendous ________ exists in religious beliefs and practices, which may be heavily influenced by culture.

diversity

According to functionalists, religion serves the functions of....

integrating people in a diverse society and providing social support in a time of need.

Max Weber saw a connection between religious allegiance and capitalistic behaviour through....

a religious orientation known as the Protestant ethic

Liberation Theology uses....

the church in a political effort to alleviate poverty and social injustices

From a marxist point of view, religion serves to...

reinforce the social control of those in power. It lessens th possibility of collective political action that can end capitalist oppression and transform society

Advances in communication have lead to form a new type of church....

the electronic church

According to functionalists, transmission of knowledge and bestowel of status are manifest functions of what?

Education

Latent functions of education can be?

transmitting culture, promoting social and political integration, maintaining social control, and serving as a agent of social change

Conflict theorists see education as...

an instrument of elite domination through the hidden curriculum and by bestowing stars unequally

Tracking refers to.....

the practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria.

Teach-expectancey effect is?

The impact that a teachers expectations about a student's performance may have on a students actual achievements

Interactionlists say that...

the teacher-expectancy effect can sometimes have an impact on students actual achievements.

Max Weber's model of bureaucracy

Division of labor Ranking of authority Employment based on formal qualifications Written rules and regulations Specific lines of promotion and advancement

Most schools in Canada are organized on the basis of....

Max Webers model of bureaucracy